Comparison of air standard and actual cycles

The actual cycles for internal combustion engines differ from air-standard cycles in many respects. 

The differences are following below :

• The change in the chemical composition of the working substance.
• The variation of specific heat with temperature.
• The change in composition, temperature and the actual amount of fresh charge is because of the residual gases.
• The working substance is a mixture of air and fuel vapor or finely atomized liquid fuel in the air combined with the products of combustion left from the previous cycle.
• Progressive combustion rather than instantaneous combustion.
• The heat transfer to and from the working medium.
• Gas leakage, fluid friction etc.
• The substantial exhaust blows down loss.

Explore more information:

1. Comparison of Otto Diesel and Dual cycles