MECHANICALFUNDA for Mechanical Engineers

Properties of a system in thermodynamics

Introduction of various properties :

Thermodynamic property is a point function and defines the state of a system. It is independent of the path followed.

Generally, a thermodynamic property is two types one is macroscopic and another one is microscopic property.

The word microscopic means something like so small that it can only be seen with the use of microscope while macroscopic means either to something that can be seen with the naked eye or large in scale.

If a system contains a large number of chemical species such as atoms, ions, and molecules, called macroscopic system and the properties which are associated with this system are called macroscopic properties.

Examples: pressure, volume, temperature, composition, density, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, colour etc.

Extensive properties:

Extensive properties depend upon the quantity of matter which is contained in the system.

Extensive property is dependent on mass.

Examples: mass, volume, heat capacity, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibb's free energy.

Intensive properties:

Intensive properties depend upon the amount of the substance which is present in the system.

The intensive property is not dependent on mass.

Examples: temperature, refractive index, density, surface tension, specific heat, freezing point, and boiling point.

What is Entropy?

Definition of Entropy :

Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work and interpreted as the molecular disorder in the system.

In other words, entropy is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. OR Entropy is also the measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have.

SI unit for entropy is J / K ( joules/degree Kelvin ).

Example:

Spraying perfume in the corner of the room and we all know what happens next. The perfume will not just stay in the corner of the room but the perfume molecule eventually fills up the room. The perfume went an ordered state to a state of the disorder so the system gets disorder so is called the higher entropy.

Avogadro's Law | Principle | Formula

Principle of Avogadro's law:

Avogadro's law is a mole of a substance has a mass numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance.

1 gm mole of oxygen has a mass of 32 gm.

Avogadro's law state that the volume of a gm mol of all gases at the pressure of 760 mm Hg and the temperature of 0^oC is the same and is equal to 22.4 liters.

For a certain gas, we can say that if m is its mass in kg, and M is its molecular weight, then the number of kg moles of gas n would be given by

n = m kg / M kg/kg mol

n = m / M kg moles

The Moler weight is given by V / n m³ / kg mol

V represents the total volume of the gas in m³

Available Energy | Availability | Irreversibility | Definition | Formula

What is Available Energy?

Energy sources can be divided into two groups:

High-grade energy
Low-grade energy

Under the second law of thermodynamics, the complete conversion of low-grade energy, heat, into high-grade energy, shaft-work is impossible, that part of low-grade energy which is available for conversation is called as available energy.

The maximum work output in a cycle obtained from a certain heat input is called available energy.

What is Availability?

Whenever useful work is obtained during a process in which the system undergoes a change of state, the process must be terminated when the pressure and temperature of the system have become equal to the pressure and temperature of the surrounding.

The availability of the given system is defined as the maximum useful work that is obtained in a process in which the system comes to equilibrium with its surroundings.

Availability is, therefore, a composite property depending on the state of both the system and surroundings.

What is Irreversibility?

The actual work done by a system is always less than the idealized reversible work, and irreversibility is called the difference between these two.

I = W_max - W

This is also sometimes referred to as degradation or dissipation.

What is anodizing | Types | Why anodizing | Anodizing Sequence

Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal surface into a decorative, resistance to corrosion, durable, anodic oxide finish. Mostly the aluminum is ideally suited for anodizing but also some other nonferrous metals, such as magnesium and titanium also can be anodized.

Anodizing is a surface treatment process to improve surface roughness, toughness, and surface quality.

The Anodizing process changes the microscopic texture of the surface and the crystal structure of the metal near the surface. The anodic film is made by passing an electrical current through an acid electrolyte bath in which the aluminum is immersed and combined with the metal. The thickness and surface characteristics of the coating are strictly controlled to meet the specification of the end product.

The process is called anodizing because in this process forms the anode on an electrode by the electrical circuit.

Types of anodizing

Chromic acid anodizing, low voltage process, chrome-free process.
Conventional room temperature sulphuric acid anodizing.
Hard coat anodizing, done in sulphuric acid at temperatures close to the freezing point of water.

Why anodizing?

A very thin coating.
Extremely durable, hard, abrasion resistance, and long-lasting. Coating lasts indefinitely.
Some types of anodizing have colors that are fade-resistant in sunlight nearly indefinitely.
Excellent corrosion protection.
Environmentally friendly surface finish.
Good electrical insulator.
Inexpensive competitive with powder coating and paints.
It can be readily recycled.

Typical Anodizing Sequence

The anodizing process is not completed in a single anodizing tank but includes pretreatment steps before anodizing and post-treatment after it. A typical and perhaps the most common sequence would be:

Clean
Rinse
Etch
Rinse
Desmut
Rinse
Anodize
Rinse
Neutralize
Rinse
Dye
Rinse
Seal
Rinse

In this sequence, the cleaning tank would be a non-etch alkali cleaner to remove soils by using ultrasonic agitation in the cleaning tanks.

Most commonly, the etch process would be caustic soda, but it could be an acid etch like ammonium bi-fluoride. Etching dissolves aluminium so that it can be minimized or skipped for some alloys, leaving the other alloying materials behind.

Aluminum for mirrors or reflectors is brightly dipped in a very strong nitric-phosphoric bath to give a mirror finish.

Definitely, bright dipping is not just another tank. It is one of the real nasties in surface finishing and before attempting to specify it or use it, you should see installations that do bright dipping to understand ventilation and secondary containment issues.

The desmut step attempts to dissolve on the surface of the parts of the grey-black alloying ingredients like silicon, copper, zinc, and magnesium. This step is sometimes referred to as de-oxidizing, a misnomer widely accepted. In the desmut step, the constituents will depend on the alloying ingredients that need to be removed.

Trying to neutralize sulfuric acid through a dip of sodium bicarbonate or a dip in dilute nitric acid is fairly common.

Dyes are usually heated and can be organic dyes relatively similar to fabric dyes, or they can be inorganic metallic salts, often applied with the help of A.C, especially for architectural work. Electricity, giving the name two-step anodizing. The processes can also be combined by applying an inorganic dye and then overdyeing with an organic dye.

Sealing is the step of swelling at the top of the honeycomb-like anodizing pores to lock in the dye and lock dirt out. Sealing is an independent science, with older approaches such as steam or D.I. boiling. Water used as well as newer processes of mid-temperature such as nickel acetate and low-temperature seals such as nickel fluoride.

For military work, chromic acid sealing may still be specified for best corrosion resistance and color matching.

The D.I is often the last step in the process of water rinse to minimize problems with staining.

Conclusion

This is a brief overview of the chemistry of the anodizing process. The process can encounter many difficulties in an industry if care is not taken to ensure that concentration and temperature solutions are controlled. After each stage, thorough rinsing of the work is performed to ensure that it enters the next process in the correct condition. It also ensures that solution contamination is kept to a minimum from one stage to the previous stage. Another aspect not covered by this industry is that of quality control. Even in small plants, chemists are employed to constantly check and monitor the conditions of the solutions and make recommendations/adjustments. Furthermore, the thickness of the film, its density, and the color quality is frequently checked.

Explore more information:

Transistorized Coil Ignition System | Advantages

In automobile industries, the TCI system which provides a higher output voltage and uses electronic triggering to maintain the required timing is fast replacing the conventional ignition systems.

This also called high energy electronic ignition system.

Advantages of the TCI system:

Reduced ignition system maintenance
Reduced wear of components
Increased reliability
Extend spark plug life
Improved ignition of lean mixtures

Difference between Battery Ignition System and Magneto Ignition System

What is the battery ignition system?

An ignition system in which battery is used for the generation of electricity and that electricity used in automobile vehicle is called a battery ignition system.

What is the magneto ignition system?

An ignition system in which magneto is used for the generation of electricity and that electricity used in automobile vehicle is called a magneto ignition system.

Now, you can check out the difference between battery ignition and magneto ignition system. Also, you can check out the advantages and disadvantages of battery ignition and magneto ignition system to know more about it.

Battery Ignition System:

A battery is necessary so difficult to start the engine when the battery is discharged.
Maintenance problems are more due to the battery.
The current for a primary circuit is obtained from the battery.
Occupies more space.
Commonly used in cars and light commercial vehicles.
Efficiency decreased with a reduction in spark intensity.
A good spark is available at spark plug even low speed also.
Efficiency decreases with the reduction in spark intensity as engine speed rises.
Spark strength does not depend on the speed due to the current is supplied by a battery.

Magneto Ignition System:

There is no battery required so there is no battery discharge problem.
Maintenance problems are less because of no battery.
An electric circuit is generated by the magneto.
Occupies less space.
Mainly used in racing cars and two-wheelers.
Efficiency improves due to high-intensity spark.
Due to low speed, spark quality is poor at the start.
Efficiency improves as the engine speed rises due to high-intensity spark.
Spark strength depends on the speed of an engine due to the magneto.

Requirement of ignition system

The smooth and reliable functioning of an ignition system is essential for the reliable working of the engine. Some of the points on the requirement of an ignition system are as follows.

The important requirement of the ignition system is listed below:

To provide good spark between the electrodes of the plugs at the correct timing.
It should work efficiently across the entire engine speed range.
It should be light and effective.
Reliable in service.
It should be easy to maintain and compact.
It should be cheap and convenient to handle.
Spark per ignition timing must be optimized for all engine conditions.

What is ignition system? | Purpose | Types

An ignition system generates the electrical charge between the two electrodes of the spark plug to ignite a fuel-air mixture in the spark-ignition internal combustion engine.

Purpose of ignition system:

To generate a very high voltage from the 12-volt battery of the car and send this to each spark plug. In short to initiate flame propagation.

Explain the ignition system:

The ignition system can be treated as a balance of energy between that provided by an external source or released by the chemical reaction so it obeys the law of conservation of energy.

Ignition system should provide a sufficiently large voltage across the spark plug electrodes to affect the spark discharge and duration at the appropriate time.

To obtain maximum power from an engine, the compressed mixture delivers its maximum pressure at the time when the piston is about to its downward stroke and is very close to TDC this is the reason why Ignition timing is a very important parameter in the ignition system.

Types of ignition system:

The ignition system classified depending upon how the primary energy for operating the circuit is made available as :

Battery Ignition System
Magneto Ignition System

In modern automobiles the following two types are in common use :

Transistorized coil ignition system
Capacitive discharge ignition system

What is engineering? | Why engineering

SO YOU LIKE MATHS, TECHNOLOGY & SOLVING THE PROBLEM,

YOU ARE INTERESTED IN BECOMING AN ENGINEER.

Albert Einstein hit the nail right on the head when he thinks about the

What is Engineering?

In simply say that engineers identify the problem with some effort come up with a solution and invented completely new in the process. engineers creates technology and makes the product most relevant that makes our life easier.

Engineers are shaping the future. so there is really no limit to what engineers can do.

Dreamer, Innovator, Researcher, Problem Solver, Inventor & Creator that all the terms describe the only one word that is characteristic of an engineer.

Reasons why you should choose Engineering:

Engineering Is The Ultimate Field For Challenge And Creativity

Learn Skills You Can Apply Anywhere

Great Rewards And Opportunities

Creative Thinking

Technological and Scientific Discovery

Professional Environment

What are important additives for lubrication?

The modern lubricants for heavy-duty engines are highly refined which otherwise may produce sludge a progressive increase in viscosity. For these reasons, the lubricants are seasoned by the addition of certain oil-soluble organic compounds to exhibits the desired properties.

Some important additives for lubrication:

Anti-oxidant
Anti-corrosive agents
Pour point depressors
Viscosity index improvers
Antifoam agent
Oiliness and film-strength agents
Pressure additives
Detergent

A guide to choose engineering career | Best way to choose engineering field

If you looking for a career in engineering you should know first of all what is an engineering and what is different types of branch available in engineering.

What is Engineering?

The branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and uses of engines, machines, and structures.

Engineering combines the field of science and maths to solve world problems that improve the world around us. The action of working artfully to bring something about.

In simple terms, engineers identify a problem and come up with a solution often creating something new in the process.

Types of Branches:

There are many branches of engineering but some main branches of engineering below.

There are many sub-branches of engineering which is included under the categories of main branches of engineering.

Acoustic Engineering

Aerospace Engineering

Agriculture Engineering

Applied Engineering

Automobile Engineering

Biomedical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Computer Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Industrial Engineering

Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Marine Engineering

Materials Science Engineering

Mechatronics Engineering

Mining and Geographical Engineering

Molecular Engineering

NanoEngineering

Nuclear Engineering

Petroleum Engineering

Software Engineering

Structural Engineering

Telecommunications Engineering

Thermal Engineering

Transport Engineering

In above some basic knowledge about engineering and different field of engineering. Students know about that before look forward to engineering careers.

Must Read Notes For Students

Most of cases comparison and looking to your friends or any other people in your family or society students make a culprit of the wrong choice of engineering field.
My advice for all students you study above a branch of engineering filed then decide carefully which direction your mindset and what is your interest.
Search your interested 2 or 3 fields in detail then decide you have interested in a field that you after you select the branch.
If you do this you make a successful career in engineering and if not then you make a victim of a depressed engineer not to know what to do now.
If you choose the right decision so you are able to interest in study otherwise engineering is just a degree for you.
For all students choose your interested filed study in a smart way and make a success in your field.

After getting admission in engineering:

Engineering all depends upon how you think. So always thinking about your field and make a change in your field technology. that is the way of success in the engineering field if you are ready to do this so you make the right decision to choose the engineering field.

ALL THE BEST

Career plan for students : High school to post graduate

Student's career planning starts from high school till college and after also further studies and not stop career for students if he/she always looking forward to his/her career.

HIGH SCHOOL:

Plan Your Life
Take time to determine your personal needs and desires. Build dreams for the future by asking yourself the following questions:

What do you see yourself doing five, ten, or twenty years from now?
What are your values and beliefs?
What type of lifestyle do you want to live in?

Reach for the Stars

Learn to adapt and alter your habits to new situations
Don't shrink away from challenging or difficult classes
Build upon your strengths
Turn failure into the process on the learning curve to success

Draw on Other Resources

Experiences outside of your major can be tools for defining your skills and interests:

Part-time jobs
Work-study programs
Extracurricular activities
Cooperative Education

Do Some Research

Do more than read the pages in the college handbook:

Talk and discuss to faculty in different departments
Talk and discuss to students in different programs
Talk and discuss to students who have graduated and are working in your field
Look up department home pages on the Net
Join a professional society and get involved
Get to know the faculty and their research interests
Volunteer to work in a department laboratory

Preparing for School Checklist: Middle School

You're only in middle school, and yet it's already time to take some initial steps to make sure you get into college.

Do well in school.

Study hard and get good grades in middle school, so you’re better prepared for high school.

Participate in extracurricular activities.

Extracurricular activities will not look good on your college application, That’s because extracurricular activities can teach you character-building skills you won’t necessarily learn in the classroom, such as enthusiasm, confidence, and how to handle defeat.

Start thinking about what you’re looking for in a school.

Don’t panic you still have plenty of time for decision making. But do start to think about what’s important to you.

Talk to your parents about budgeting for school.

You’re only in middle school, but it’s not too early to sit down with your parents and discuss the money you will need when its time to go to college.

Discuss your educational and career goals with your counselor.

Preparing for School Checklist: High School

Most college decision-making takes place between 10^th and 12^th grades. It’s time to narrow down your educational choices and choose a future path.

Continue to do well in school.

There is simply no downside to working hard in school and getting good grades. Good grades open the door to many colleges.

Visiting colleges.

Visiting colleges before you apply can help you pick the one you like the best.

You will meet a lot of people on a campus visit and have the opportunity to talk to them. Gather as much info as you can about what kind of college experience you can expect, so you are well informed when it’s time to make your final decision about where you go.

Compare colleges

Find out admission requirements

Want to learn more about the university you’ve had your eye on since you were a kid.

Prepare for a different test that compulsory to get admission in a well-known university.

Apply to colleges.

Wait for your admission letters.

Choose a college.

UNDERGRADUATE :

Make Career Decisions - Figuring out what to do with your life doesn't have to be so complicated. Meet with us to assess your interests and options and make career decisions that are right for you. Use this resource to start to explore and connect your major and career options today!
Design a Career Action Plan - Create and stay on track with your career plan by following our Career Planning guide and meeting with us regularly. Check out our Four Year Action Plan for undergraduates.
Conduct Industry Research - Check out CCE's online resources to expand your knowledge of industries, careers, and jobs. Attend our events to hear from experts working in exciting fields.
Gain Experience Through Internships, On-Campus or Part/Full-Time Jobs - Ready to get your feet wet? Pursue opportunities by applying to CCE's internship and student enterprise programs, searching our online recruiting system, LionSHARE, and connecting with employers at our events. Learn about other ways to gain experience through jobs and for seniors.
Write Effective Resumes and Cover Letters - First time writing a resume or need to update an outdated version? Use our Resume/Cover Letter Guide in the Career Planner or attend a Power Half Hour workshop to write a strong version before meeting with a counselor.
Develop and Practice Interview Skills - Whether you're a first time or experienced interviewee, there's usually room to improve. Use our Interview Guide in the Career Planner, attend a Power Half Hour workshop, or schedule a practice interview to learn how to show purpose, prepare, and practice your way to a job offer.
Grow a Professional Network - Build relationships with professionals to learn about career paths and uncover employment opportunities. Attend networking how-to events, review our online tutorials, or work with a counselor to learn how to develop and maintain a network of contacts. Start early!
Create a Strong Online Presence - Showcase your professionalism on Twitter, LinkedIn, blogs, and other social media platforms to increase your knowledge of career areas and your appeal and exposure to employers.

Students who are interested in pursuing a degree in engineering can prepare for the application process as early as middle school. By selecting a variety of science, mathematics, and engineering-related course work and participating in programs and projects that expose students to engineering concepts, students will have advanced exposure to university-level work.

Pre-university Course Selection

While in middle and high school, students interested in engineering should consider taking accelerated courses in several of the following subjects.

Algebra
Biology
Calculus
Chemistry
Computer science
Language arts
Precalculus
Physics
Second language
Trigonometry

There are many colleges for engineering in India and across India for Engineering graduate students and students who expect the best career with him who selected for a well-known university like NITs and IITs in India.

Bachelor of Engineering
Bachelor of Technology

The IITs are autonomous engineering institutions that are governed by the rules and regulations laid down by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) established in 1945. The IITs in India are the most preferred institutes to study technology and science. Declared as the "institutions of national importance" by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961, the IITs in India are a dream for every aspiring Indian engineer and scientist. In order to get admission into any of the IITs in India, you have to pass the IIT-JEE (Joint Entrance Examination). Every year more than a million students appear for this entrance examination; out of which about 10,000 get admission in the IITs. IITs in India Currently, there are 16 functioning IITs in India. In 2014, the Government of India proposed five new IITs in different cities that will begin operations from June 2015 onwards.

List of Indian Institute of Technology in India :

IIT Kharagpur
IIT Bombay
IIT Kanpur
IIT Madras
IIT Delhi
IIT Guwahati
IIT Roorkee
IIT Bhubaneswar
IIT Gandhinagar
IIT Hyderabad
IIT Jodhpur
IIT Patna
IIT Ropar
IIT Indore
IIT Mandi
IIT Varanasi
IIT Palakkad
IIT Tirupati

New IITs :

IIT Chhattisgarh, Raipur
IIT GOA
IIT Jammu and Kashmir
IIT Dhanbad

List of National Institutes of Technology in India :

NIT Warangal
NIT Tiruchirappalli
MANIT Bhopal
MNIT Jaipur
MNNIT Allahabad
NIT Jamshedpur
SVNIT Surat
VNIT Nagpur
NIT Kurukshetra
NIT Calicut
Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
NIT Rourkela
NIT Surathkal
NIT Patna
NIT Raipur
NIT Srinagar
NIT Hamirpur
NIT Delhi
NIT Arunachal Pradesh
NIT Agartala
NIT Durgapur
NIT Goa
NIT Puducherry
NIT Manipur
NIT Meghalaya
NIT Mizoram
NIT Nagaland
NIT Sikkim
NIT Silchar
NIT Uttarakhand

Following all IITs and NITs give Degree of Bachelor of Technology.

There are many state-level colleges in India students who didn't get admission in NITs and IITs they have to choose the best college in their state.

ALL THE BEST

POSTGRADUATE:

Go for an M.Tech degree

If you studied engineering out of passion and not because you were forced by your parents or just for the sake of doing it, then MTech is a good option. You can opt for the field of study you aspire to expertise in. For this, you need to prepare well for the entrance exams to get into a good college. GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) is a national exam conducted in

India

that can fetch you admission in IITs, IISC or NITs, and many others.

Do an MBA

Don’t feel you are the technical guy your parents wanted you to be? Always felt like you are a manager and want to see yourself in a business suit in some MNC? Probably you have a fascination with an MBA too. Don’t get diverted by the thoughts that everyone is doing an MBA right now and its value has decreased. If you want to make a career in the management sector, hold managerial positions, then an MBA is the right choice. You may specialize in your area of interest which may be the all-time popular fields like HR, Marketing, Sales, or the new growing domains like Digital Marketing, International Relations, etc. In

India

, there are various entrance examinations that will help you get into the top 30 MBA colleges. CAT (Common Admission Test) serves as a gateway for an MBA at the IIMs and many other leading institutes. Some other popular exams are XAT (Xavier), NMAT, SNAP, CMAT, TISS, IRMA, etc.

Prepare for Civil Services

Always saw yourself as an IAS or IPS officer? Admit it, someday or the other you must have thought about preparing for the Civil Services but left the thought because you felt that it's very tough to crack!

Yes. Indeed it is one of the toughest exams in the world to crack and there lies a huge competition to be a civil servant, but you cannot hold yourself back because of this. Civil Services is not just about cracking an exam and then clearing an interview, it judges you on everything you can think of, who you are and what you stand for!

You need to put your complete focus in addition to lots of determination to prepare for Civil Services Examination. For that, you need to - Believe in yourself.

Go Abroad

It is also a very good option to explore. If you choose to study abroad, you will get a lot of exposure and learning along with the education part. You might also be able to get a job at international locations if you have plans to settle abroad permanently in the future.

You can also explore integrated opportunities abroad. Along with the options of MS, you may explore options of MS+PhD and other research-oriented courses. In addition, you could look at the various fellowships in the research and development category available that may fascinate you too. You can also apply for the various scholarships which will fund your education partially or completely.

How to choose a career?

Best guide to choose your career in the right direction:

To the choice of career is the biggest task for all the student. Career selection is only decided by the student but nowadays scenario not a big task for a student instead of the parents.

Now see what are the most of cases what happen actually parents have big dreams for the child and they observe society and then decide his/her child will also be a doctor or engineer or etc like in the biggest field without knowing his/her child interest and its a biggest reason of the most number of unemployed in India.

Most parents dream that his/her child will get admission to a recognized university like NITs, IITs, IIMs. After completing the HSC examination they will pay a high amount of fees in the coaching center of competitive exams and motivate his/her child to do good and will be getting admission in IIMs or IITs. This is why coaching industries get more profit. and after all most number students not get admission and then they decide to satisfy a lower rank college or any college. and this reason after completion of college find a job and if not find any job they decide to do any type of job even different field jobs too.

So my advice to students to first you should tell a question to yourself first before going to decide highly competitive exam
YOU HAVE POTENTIAL TO GET ADMISSION?
Then you say how to decide I have potential or not? that's a big question
You see in yourself that shows your concentration power?
Hows your grasping power?
Hows your intellectual level?
Then you know that you have potential to get admission in a recognized institute were a big competition.

All over Indian students try to get admission to that colleges like NITs, IITs, IIMs. so my advice to the student is that after telling above question to yourself if you know you have extraordinary potential to crack that exam so you decide to crack exams and get admission and if not you should go any filed where you are interested and in that field you do smart work not hard work and you get better career same as like IITs, IIMs students.

There are many fields instead of engineers and doctors think of yourself and choose your career for yourself not to see other people in our society. If you choose your interested career you doing better in your field that my promise to you. and don't stop in your career whatever career you choose always think about one step ahead now what I do better in the filed? If you do this one day you also become the most successful person and one day you are in a position to that you not looking for a job but you also hire a person for the job in your field industries.

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