GVWR full form

What is the full form of GVWR?

Answer :

• Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

What does GVWR mean?

GVW is the maximum operating weight of a vehicle as specified by the manufacture.

On vehicles designed for the United States market, the GVWR can be found alongside other vehicle technical specifications on the Vehicle ID Plate that is usually located on the interior of the B-pillar.

GVWR is the total combined weight of a truck, including all passengers, fuel, fluids, and cargo. 

If the commercial vehicle net weight is 2010 Kg then minimum license GVW is 3015 Kg.

List of Different Types of Vehicle Weight :

• Gross vehicle weight (GVW) - This weight includes all your cargo, extra added equipment, and passengers aboard.
• Curb weight - This is the weight of your vehicle with all fluids and components but without the drivers, passengers, and cargo.
• Payload - The payload is the weight including passengers, equipment, cargo, and anything being towed.

Gross vehicle weight rating - curb weight = payload capacity

• Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) - This is the maximum total weight of your vehicle, passengers, and cargo in order for you to avoid damaging the vehicle or compromising your safety.
• Gross combined weight - This weight includes the vehicle and a trailer if you are pulling one. The gross combined weight should be determined while the trailer is attached to the vehicle.
• Maximum loaded trailer weight - This amount is much like the gross combined weight, however, it includes a fully loaded trailer.
• Gross axle weight - The gross axle weight is the amount of weight that is supported by each axle, both front, and rear.
• Gross axle weight rating - The gross axle weight rating is the total weight each axle is capable of hauling.

List of different types of vehicle class and its GVW :

Vehicle Class	Curb Weight in Pounds	Curb Weight in Kilograms
Compact car	2,979 pounds	1,354 kilograms
Midsize car	3,497 pounds	1,590 kilograms
Large car	4,366 pounds	1,985 kilograms
Compact truck or SUV	3,470 pounds	1,577 kilograms
Midsize truck or SUV	4,259 pounds	1,936 kilograms
Large truck or SUV	5,411 pounds	2.460 kilograms

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DFI full form

What is the full form of DFI?

Answer :

• Direct Fuel Injection

What does DFI mean?

Direct fuel injection is a fuel-delivery technology that allows gasoline engines to burn fuel more efficiently, resulting in more power, cleaner emissions, and increased fuel economy.

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What is shaper machine?

James Nasmyth developed the metalworking shaper in 1836.

The shaper is a reciprocating type of machine intended primarily to produce a flat surface. these surfaces may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

The shaper machine is mainly used to produce flat or plane surfaces that can be placed in a horizontal, vertical or angular plate and also used to make slots, grooves, and keyways.

Main parts of shaper machine :

Base :

The base is the main body of the machine. It consists of all elements of the machine. The bed may be rigidly bolted to the floor of the shop or on the bench according to the size of the machine.

The base is made of cast iron to resist vibration and take up high compression load.

Column :

The Column is a box that can be attached to the base. It provides housing for the mechanism of the crank-slider and also includes the ram driving mechanism.

Two accurately guideways are provided on the top of the column on which the ram reciprocates.

Crossrail :

The cross-rail is mounted on the front vertical guideways of the column.

A horizontal crossfeed screw which is fitted within the cross-rail and parallel to the top guideways of the column.

It attaches with some cross-movement mechanism.

Saddle :

On the cross-rail, the saddle is mounted, holding the table firmly on top.

Crosswise movement of the saddle by rotating the crossfeed screw by hand or by the power to move sideways.

Clapper Box :

The Clapper box carries the tool holder.

It provides clearance for the tool in return stroke.

It also prevents the cutting edge dragging the workpiece while return stroke and prevents tool wear.

Table :

The table is bolted to the saddle from the saddle and cross-rail receives crosswise and vertical movements. It's the body of metal attached to the frame.

The main function of the table is to hold the workpiece and vice over it.

T slots for which vice and workpiece were clamped over it.

Ram :

Ram is the main part of shaper machine.

The ram is a reciprocating member of shaper machine.

Ram is in shape of semi-cylindrical and inside heavily ribbed to make it more rigid.

Ram is made by cast iron and moves over ways on the column.

It attached by the rocker arm which provide it motion in a crank driven machine and if the machine is hydraulically driven it attached by hydraulic housing.

Toolhead :

Toolhead is situated at the front of the ram.

The main function of it is to hold the cutting tool.

The cutting tool can be adjusted on it by some of the clamps.

Stroke adjuster :

It is attached below the table.

It is used to control the length of the stroke that further controls the movement of the ram.

Table supports :

These are attached front side of the table and used to support the weight of the table during working.

Working Principle:

Shaper machine works on quick return mechanism.

First of all the workpiece is rigidly fixed on the machine table. The single point cutting tool held properly in the tool post and it is mounted on a reciprocating ram. 

A quick return motion mechanism obtains the ram's reciprocating motion. During its forward stroke, the tool cuts the material as the ram reciprocates.

During the return stroke, there is no cutting action and this stroke is called the idle stroke. 

One of the operating cycles of the shaper is the forward and return strokes thus both stroke machining is done by this operation forward and return.

The reciprocating movement of the ram and the quick return mechanism of the machine is usually obtained by any one of the following methods.

• Crank and slotted link mechanism
• Whitworth quick return mechanism
• Hydraulic shaper mechanism

Types of Shaper :

1. According to the type of mechanism used to give reciprocating motion to the ram :

• Crank type
• Geared type
• Hydraulic type

2. According to the travel of ram and its position :

• Horizontal type
• Vertical type
• Travelling head type

3. According to the design of the table type :

• Standard shaper 
• Universal shaper 

4. According to the cutting stroke type :

• Push type
• Draw type

The various operations a shaper can perform are as follows :

1. Machining horizontal surface
2. Machining vertical surface
3. Machining angular surface
4. Cutting slot grooves and keyways
5. Machining splines or cutting gears
6. Machining irregular surface
7. Dovetail slides
8. Produce or combine the contour of concave/convex

Cutting speed :

The cutting speed in a shaper is the rate at which the cutting tool removes the metal.

The cutting speed of the shaper machine is given by the ratio of the Length of the cutting stroke to Time required by the cutting stroke.

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Related Post :

Milling machines 

Lathe Machine
Drilling Machines

Boring Machine

What is boring machine

John Wilkinson invented the first boring machine tool in 1775. The boring operation that is performed on the boring machine also called internal turning.

The boring machine tools used to bore holes in large and heavy parts such as engine frame, steam engine cylinders, machine housing, etc also used screw cutting, turning, planetary grinding, gear cutting.  

The boring process achieves three things:

• Sizing
• Straightness
• Concentricity

Boring machines are designed in the shortest possible time to make a bore and produce the highest possible surface finish and tolerances.

The boring machine is same as drill press bur designed primarily for boring holes in wood with an angular bit.

Types of Boring Machine :

• Horizontal boring machine 

Table type

Floor type

Planer type

Multiple head type

• Vertical boring machine

Vertical turret lathe

Standard vertical boring machine

• Precision boring machine
• Jig boring machine

Vertical milling machine type

Planer type

Boring operation : 

The boring operation works almost like the operation of turning and can perform the same process of cutting. While many boring machines appear complex, the movement of the machine is in fact very simple. The stock of the spindle is mounted on ways that can move along other axes themselves.

It uses a single point tool to counter a rotating part of the work. The difference is that boring is performed on an existing hole's inner diameter rather than on an existing hole's outer diameter. Machine tools are called boring machines that are used to perform boring operations. It would have features in common with turning machines, although lathes are sometimes used to account, as previously stated. 

It can be horizontal or vertical, as we saw above. The designation refers to the orientation of the machine spindle or works part's axis of rotation. The setup can be arranged in either two ways in a horizontal boring operation shown in the figure below.

The first setup is one where the work is a fixture to a rotating spindle and the tool is attached to a boring bar that feeds into the work. To avoid deflection and vibration during cutting, the boring bar must be very rigid. Boring bars are often made of cemented carbide that is shown in the figure below to achieve high stiffness. 

The second setup is one that mounts the tool to a boring bar and supports and rotates the boring bar between centers. A feeding mechanism that feeds it past the tool is attached to the work. This setup can be used on a conventional engine lathe to perform a boring operation.

For large, heavy workpieces with large diameters, a vertical boring machine is used, usually, the diameter of the workpiece is greater than its length. The part is clamped to a machine base rotating worktable shown below. There are worktables with a diameter of up to 40 ft. The typical boring machine can simultaneously position and feed several cutting tools. 

The tool heads used on a vertical boring machine often include turrets for several cutting tools. This leads to a loss of difference between this machine and a vertical turret lathe. Vertical boring mills are also often used for one type of job, while vertical turret laths are used for batch production. 

What is drilling machine

A drilling machine is one of the most important machine tools in a workshop is a material removing or cutting process in which the tool uses a drill bit to cut into solid materials a hole of circular cross-section.

While performing drilling operation rotating edge of a cutting tool known as the twist drill which exerts a large force on the work clamped on a table.

The Egyptians drilled holes about 3000 years ago by bow drills in 1200 B.C.

There are different types of drilling machine used to perform the drilling operation which is following below. 


Types of  Drilling Machine :

1. Portable drilling machine
2. Sensitive drilling machine
3. Upright drilling machine
4. Radial drilling machine
5. Gang drilling machine
6. Multiple spindle drilling machine
7. Automatic drilling machine
8. Deep hole drilling machine

Drilling machine Operations :

1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counterboring
5. Countersinking
6. Spot facing
7. Tapping
8. Lapping
9. Grinding
10. Trepanning

Types of the drill commonly used are : 

• Flat or spade drill
• Straight fluted drill
• Two-lip twist drill

Parallel shank (short series or "Jobbers" twist drill)
Parallel shank (stub series) twist drill
Parallel shank (long series) twist drill
Taper shank twist drill

• Taper shank core drill
• Oil tube drill
• Centre drill

Drill Size :

Drills from 0.2 to 100 mm are commonly produced in the metric system.

In the British system, drills are manufactured in three different sizes.

1. Number Sizes :

The drill size range from No. 1 to No. 80. 

Number 80 is the smallest having diameter equal to 0.0135 inches and the number 1 is the largest diameter equal to 0.228 inches.

2. Letter sizes :

The drill size range from A to Z.

A being the smallest having diameter equal to 0.234 inches and Z being the largest having diameter equal to 0.413 inches.

3. Fractional sizes :

The drill sizes range from 1/64 inch to 5 inches.

Designation of Drill :

Twist drills are designated in the Indian standard system by the series they belong to, the diameter, the I.S. Number and drilling material.

The drill is made in three types, namely, normal (N), hard (H), soft (S).

Thus a long-series 10 mm dia parallel shank twist drill conforming to I.S. Standard, made from carbon steel, type S and point angle 80 degrees are designated as follows. 

Parallel shank twist drill (Long) 10.00 - IS:599-CS-S-80


Drill Material :

For one piece of construction, high-speed steel or carbon steel are used. 

For two-piece of construction and cutting portion, high-speed steel is used.
For two-piece of construction and shank portion carbon steel with a minimum tensile strength of 70 kg per sq mm.

High-speed drills are more widely used due to its greater cutting efficiency.


Cutting Speed :

The cutting speed in a drilling operation is the peripheral speed of a point on the surface of the drill in contact with the work.

It is usually expressed in meters per minute.

 v = Π d n /1000 m per min

Where d is the diameter of the drill in mm and n is the r.p.m of the drill spindle.

Cutting speed of drill depends on several factors which are following below. 

• The kind of material is being drilled. Softer material the higher the speed.
• The cutting tool material. 

For example - Drill of high-speed steel can be operated at about twice the speed of drill of high carbon steel.

• The efficient use of cutting fluid.
• The quality of the surface finish desired.
• The method of holding the work.
• The size, type, and rigidity of the machine.

Feed :

The feed of a drill is the distance the drill moves into the work at each spindle revolution.

The feed per minute may be defined as the axial distance moved by the drill into the work per minute.

Sm = Sr × n

Sm = Feed per minute in mm.
Sr = Feed per revolution in mm.
n = r.p.m of the drill.

The amount of feed is depending upon :

• Material being cut 
• The rigidity of the job and machine
• Depth of hole
• Type of finish desired
• Power available
• Range of feed available

Depth of cut :

Depth of cut in drilling is equal to one half the diameter of the drill.

Thus if d be the diameter of the drill the depth of cut (t) is expressed as :

t = d / 2 mm

What is torque

The net force acting on a body accelerates it and takes something to give the body an angular acceleration. It needs a force, but it needs to be applied in a way that creates a twisting or turning action. Torque, τ is the rotational version of force and results from the application of one or more forces and is specified relative to a chosen rotation axis or pivot.

Torque is a measure of how much force an object act causes the object to rotate.

Torque is dependent upon :

• The distance from the rotation axis to the force application point (Refer to the first figure).
• The magnitude of the force, F.
• The orientation of the force relative to the displacement from the axis to force application point (Refer to the second figure).

Definition: 

The torque that a force produces is defined by 

τ = R x F 

τ = R x F sinθ

In other words, torque is the cross product between the vector of distance (the distance from the pivot to the point where force is applied) and the vector of force, 'θ' being the angle between r and F.

Example :

Let’s say we’re using a 0.5m long wrench to tighten a wheel nut, and we need to lean on the far end of the wrench with a force of 50 Newtons to do it up tightly. Simply multiplying the two numbers give us the required torque figure in Newton meters.

Torque τ = 50 (N) x 0.5 (m) x = 25 Nm

The SI units of torque are Newton-meter (N.m).

Rotational Equilibrium is analogous to transnational equilibrium, where the sum of the forces is equal to zero. 

There may be more than one force that acts on an object, and each of these forces may act on an object at a different point. Then every force is going to cause torque. The net torque is the sum of the torques in each case.

The sum of the torques is equal to zero in rotational equilibrium. In other words, the object does not have a net torque.

∑τ = 0