Full Form of Automobile terms

4WD - Four Wheel Drive

2WD - Two Wheel Drive

AWD - All Wheel Drive

A/F - Air Fuel Ratio 

ACM - Airbag Control Module 

ACC - Automatic Climate Control OR Adaptive Cruise Control

AAT - Ambient Air Temperature 

ARAI - Automotive Research Association of India 

ABS - Anti Lock Braking System

ASFS - Advanced Swirl Flow Induction System

ATFT - Advance Tumble Flow Technology 

APDVi - Advance Pro Digital Variable Ignition System

BHP - Brake Horse Power

BMEP - Brake Mean Effective Pressure

BSFC - Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

BDC - Bottom Dead Centre

CRDi - Common Rail Direct Injection

CV - Calorific Value of the fuel

CVTI  - Charged motion Variable Time Ignition

CCVTI - Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition

CC - Cubic Capacity

CDI - Capacitor Discharge Ignition

C.I ENGINE - Compression Ignition Engine

CNG - Compressed Natural Gas

DTS-i - Digital Twin Spark Ignition

DOHC - Double Overhead Camshaft

DI ENGINE - Direct Injection Engine

DFI - Digital Fuel Injection

DDIS - Direct Diesel Injection System 

EBD - Electronic Brakeforce Distribution

EFI - Electronic Fuel Injection

EC ENGINE - External Combustion Engine

ESC - Electronic Stability Control

ECU - Electronic Control Unit 

EGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation 

EVRV - Electronic Vacuum Regulator Valve

FPEG - Free Piston Engine Generator

FHP - Frictional Horse Power

FWD - Front Wheel Drive 

GVW - Gross Vehicle Weight

HCV - Heavy Commercial Vehicle

HVAC - Heating ventilating and AirConditioning

IC ENGINE - Internal Combustion Engine

IHP - Indicated Horse Power

IMEP - Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

ISFC - Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption

Kph - Kilometer Per Hour

Kpl - Kilometer Per Liter

LCV - Light Commercial Vehicle

LSPV - Load Sensing Proportioning Valve

MPFI - Multi-point fuel injection

MUV - Multi Utility Vehicle

OHV - Over Head Valve

OBD - On Board Diagnose

PGMFI - Programmed Fuel Injection System 

PDI - Pre-delivery Inspection

RTR - Racing Throttle Response

SOHC - Single Overhead Camshaft

SUV - Sport Utility Vehicle

SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers

SFC - Specific Fuel Consumption

SI ENGINE - Spark Ignition Engine

SRS Airbag - Supplemental Restraint System Airbag

TC - Traction Control

TDi - Turbocharged Direct Ignition

TCI - Transistorized Coil Ignition

TDC - Top Dead Centre

TWI - Tread Wear Indicator 

VDB - Ventilated Disc Brake

VCR - Variable Compression Ratio  

VGT - Variable Geometry Turbocharger

VVTi - Variable Valve Timing

VTVT - Variable Timing Valve Train

WGT - Waste Gas Turbocharger 

Types of friction

The frictional force is that force responsible for wear and tear of two bodies. 

When two bodies in contact, move relative to each other then there exists a force which has a tendency to oppose that movement which is called frictional force. 

Friction plays an important part in many everyday processes. For instance, when two objects rub together, the friction causes some of the energy of motion to be converted into heat. This is why rubbing two sticks together will eventually produce a fire.

Friction is also responsible for the wear and tear on bike gears and other mechanical parts. That's why lubricants, or liquids, are often used to reduce the friction and wear and tear between moving parts. 

 There are in general  4 different types of friction.

1. Static Friction
2. Kinetic Friction
3. Rolling Friction
4. Fluid Friction

Static Friction :

• When a force is applied to an object but it does not cause it to move

Static friction comes into play when a body is forced to move along a surface but the movement does not start. 
This is the maximum force that must be overcome before a body will just start to move over another body. 
The magnitude of static friction remains equal to the applied external force and the direction is always opposite to the direction of motion. 
The magnitude of static friction depends upon μs (coefficient of static friction) and N (net normal reaction of the body).
 Example: Pushing on a wall

Kinetic Friction :

• Occurs when solid surface sliding over each other

 Kinetic friction denoted as μk comes into play when a body just starts moving along a surface. When the externally applied force is sufficient to move a body along a surface then the force which opposes this motion is called as kinetic frictional force.

This is the maximum force that must be overcome before a body will just be in uniform motion over another body.                                  

Magnitude of kinetic frictional force f_k = μk N

Where μk is coefficient of kinetic frictional force and N is the net normal reaction on the body. The magnitude of kinetic frictional force is always less than magnitude of static frictional force. When value of applied net external force F is more than f_k then body moves with a net acceleration and when these forces are equal then body moves with a constant velocity.

Example : Falling on the pavement

Rolling Friction :

•  Occurs when an object rolls over another 

Rolling frictional force is a force that slows down the motion of a rolling object. Basically it is a combination of various types of frictional forces at point of contact of wheel and ground or surface.When a hard object moves along a hard surface then static and molecular friction force retards its motion. When soft object moves over a hard surface then its distortion makes it slow down. 

Example: Riding a motorcycle, Skateboard 

Fluid Friction :

• Occurs when a object moves through a fluid 

When a body moves in a fluid or in air then there exists a resistive force which slows down the motion of the body, known as fluid frictional force. A freely falling skydiver feels a drag force due to air which acts in the upward direction or in a direction opposite to skydiver’s motion. The magnitude of this drag force increases with increment in the downward velocity of skydiver. At a particular point of time the value of this drag force becomes equal to the driving force and skydiver falls with a constant velocity.

Example : Skydiving, Swimming 

 

Difference between V Engine and Inline Engine

The pistons and cylinders are aligned in a V shape in V type engine whereas they all are vertical or inline with each other in case of the inline engine. Now, let us check it out some key point to understand the comparison and then let us have a deep insight into the difference between the V engine and inline engine. 

A key point of V-engine : 

• It is unbalanced because there is an odd number of cylinders in each bank so by its inherent design.
• Its application in rear-wheel-drive configurations is few since the space between the ends of the engine width is so big.
• Due to its compact design, The engine is very short and suitable for a lot of front-wheel-drive cars especially when power demands increase but engine sizes decrease.
• The V engine will be different angles but the common angles are 45, 60 and 90 degrees.
• If viewed from the front will resemble a V as the pistons are not vertical, they are a slant on either side of the engine.

A key point of inline engine :

• Naturally balanced, to maintain it, you only need proper tuning and the correct firing order.
• Its application in the from-wheel-drive configuration is few since space can pose a problem for engine fitment. 
• The inline engine produces more torque than V configurations and thus see its application in trucks and off-road vehicles    
• An inline 6 will be cheaper to build than a V engine.
• An inline engine can easily accommodate an odd number of cylinders like 5 cylinder engine or the 3 cylinders engine which can be used in small fuel-efficient models.
• The inline is cheaper to produce because of its straightforward design.

Difference :  

• V engines are not as efficient as the same size inline. 
• V engine more complex and usually harder to repair than an inline engine. 
• An inline engine is long and narrow mounted transversely in small car allow a very short hood whereas V engine is compact. 
• The inline configuration is sometimes more difficult to cool in an air-cooled engine as compared to V engine.
• An inline engine is wide and flat gives it a low centre of gravity.
• The inline shape needs only half as many camshafts as a V configuration (if using overhead cams), which can lighten things slightly. 
• There may also be cost differences between V engine and inline engine during manufacturing.
• V engine subjected to more vibration than an inline engine. 

Difference between conventional and non conventional machining

Conventional machining can be defined as a process using mechanical energy while other forms of energy such as thermal, chemical and electrical energy are used by non-conventional machining. Each machining process has different capabilities and suitable for a specific purpose. Now, let us have a deep insight into the difference between those two machining process. 

Difference between conventional and non-conventional machining : 

• Non-conventional tools are more precise and accurate than conventional tools.
• Machining is generally done by chip formation while material removal occurs with chip formation or even no chip formation in non-conventional machining. Example - AJM. 
• Conventional machining process involved tool wearing as there is physical contact between the tool and the workpiece while this is not the case in non-conventional machining. 
• No noise pollution is created as a result of non-conventional methods as these tools are much quieter.
• Tool life is long for non-conventional processing as compared to conventional machining. 
• Non-conventional tools are very expensive than conventional tools.
• Non-conventional tools have complex setup and hence requires a skilful operation by expert workers, whereas conventional tools do not require any special expert for its operation and are quite simple in the set-up.
• Easily available replacement parts of conventional machines but not for non-conventional machines.
• Non-conventional machines can handle very complex jobs as compared to conventional machining.
• Lower accuracy and surface finish obtained in conventional machining wherein non-conventional machining Higher accuracy and surface finish  are obtained
• With the use of conventional machining cannot produce prototype parts very efficiently and economically whereby the use of conventional machining produces parts effectively and economically.
• High waste of material due to high wear in conventional machining whereas no waster of material due to no wear in non-traditional machining. 
• Conventional machining capital cost is lower as compared with non-conventional machining. 

What is the age limit for GATE ?

• There is no any limitation of age for GATE exam

However, if you are  looking to join a PSU through GATE score, then you must fulfill their  criterion. In mostly all PSUs, the maximum age is around 26-28 years.  But, for M.Tech. admission in any institutions, there is no any age  limitation.

Checklist for filling up GATE Application form

Checklist for filling up GATE Application Form :

• Personal Details as per the certificates to be uploaded.
• Address for Communication (including PIN code),
• Academic Qualifications – College and degree
• GATE paper, GATE 2017 examination cities,
• Details of Valid Photo ID
• Photograph as specified
• Signature as specified
• Scanned copy of Degree Certificate or Certificate from Principal/HODs in pdf format.
• Scanned copy of Category/PwD Certificate (if applicable) in pdf format.

Photograph:

• Candidates must take a colour photograph in a white or very light background in a professional studio and upload it along with the GATE 2017 application form.
• The photograph must be taken after August 1, 2016, and should show the face of the candidates occupying about 50% of the area in the photograph looking into the camera directly.
• The main features of the candidate’s face must not be covered by hair of the head, any cloth or any shadow and the forehead, eyes, nose and chin should be clearly visible in the photograph.
• Candidates with spectacles must ensure that there is no glare on the glasses. Such candidates can upload a photo without glasses too.
• Only clear glasses are permitted and photos with goggle, sunglasses or tinted glasses will not be accepted.
• Mobile photos are not permitted and will be rejected.
• The photograph must be in JPEG format in a standard 3.5 cm (Width) × 4.5 cm (Height) print
• The maximum pixel resolution must be 480 × 640 (0.3 Megapixels) while the minimum pixel resolution 240 × 320.

Signature:

• A rectangular box of size 2 cm (height) × 7 cm (Width) must be drawn on an A4 white paper.
• Candidates must put their signature in black or dark blue ink within this box.
• The signature must be digitally image scanned by a professional using a scanner and cropped to the box professionally.
• The file must be in JPEG image format with a maximum pixel resolution for the image of 160 × 560 pixels and a minimum pixel resolution of 80 × 280.
• Mobile photos are not permitted.
• Signature should NOT be in Capital letters or in any ink other than Black or Blue.

Thumb Impression:

• Candidates must draw a rectangular box of size 3 cm × 5 cm (Height x Width) on an A4 white paper.
• They must mark their Left thumb impression within this box using a blue or black stamp pad.
• Candidates may upload their Right thumb impression if it is difficult to access the left thumb for any reason.
• For candidates unable to provide thumb impression for any reason, an impression of any finger will be allowed
• The signature must be digitally image scanned by a professional using a scanner and cropped to the box professionally.
• The file must be in JPEG image format with a maximum pixel resolution for the image of 160 × 560 pixels and a minimum pixel resolution of 80 × 280.
• Mobile photos are not permitted.

Photo ID Card: Candidates must keep any one of the following ready to fill the details

• Driving License,
• Passport, PAN Card,
• Voter ID,
• Aadhaar UID,
• College ID,
• Employee Identification Card,
• Notarized Affidavit with Photo, Signature, Date of Birth and Residential Address
• International Students must enter details of their passport only.

For Candidates in their final year:

• A copy of the Marks Sheet of the previous semester/year or mark sheet for section A of AMIE in case of professional equivalent qualifications.
• This must be in pdf format only

Degree Certificate/Provisional Certificate/Course Completion Certificate:

• Candidates who have completed their qualifying degree must upload this.
• The file must be in PDF format only

Caste Certificate if applicable: 

This is in PDF format only

Disability Certificate if applicable: 

This is in PDF format only

What is fee for GATE Exam

GATE Exam Application Fee :

• Male (General/OBC) and other : 1500 INR
• SC/ST/PWD Candidates and Woman (All Categories) : 750 INR
• International Students : US Dollars 50

You will have to pay money online by Selecting any recommended methods. Available options for GATE online payments are Debit card Payment, Credit Card, Using Netbanking or Using E-Challan. Some additional charges will also be placed by the banks for charges (if applicable).

After successful payment, a unique “Fee Payment Number” will be generated which must be saved by the candidate. 

Note: Candidates who belong to SC or ST or PwD category have to upload a valid documentary evidence for concession in fees.

GATE Exam Information

What is the full form of GATE Exam?

What is the fee for GATE Exam?

Checklist for filling up the GATE Application form?

What is the age limit for GATE?

What is the full form of GATE Exam

Full-Form of GATE :

• Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering 

The GATE is an entrance exam conducted in all-India level for admitting students into various postgraduates programs in the field of engineering, science and technology.

The exam is conducted by a collaboration of 7 IITs (Indian Institute of Technology) ad IISc (Indian Institute of Science).

The seven IITs include Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Guwahati, Chennai, Kharagpur, and Roorkee and one IISc at Bangalore.

Gate exam is conducted in many subjects are as follows :

• Electronics and Communication Engineering 
• Computer Science and Information Technology 
• Electrical Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Instrumentation Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Mathematics
• Bio-Technology
• Chemical Engineering
• Physics
• Chemistry

Eligibility :

• Bachelor degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture i.e B.E./B.Tech/B.Arch
• Master degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Computer Applications i.e. M.Sc/M.A./MCA
  

The examination is of 3 hours duration and contains a total of 65 questions worth a maximum of 100 marks. 

Each subject's test contains 10 questions that test the "general aptitude" (language and analytic skills), apart from the core subject of the discipline.

From 2014 onward, the examination for all the papers is carried out in an online Computer Based Test (CBT) mode where the candidates are shown the questions in a random sequence on a computer screen. 

The questions consist of both multiple-choice questions (four answer options out of which the correct one has to be chosen) and numerical answer type questions (the answer is a real number, to be entered via an on-screen keypad and computer mouse).

GATE results are usually declared about one month after the examinations are over. The results show the total marks scored by a candidate, the GATE score, the all-India rank and the cut off marks for various categories in the candidate's paper. 

The score is valid for 3 years from the date of announcement of the results. The score cards are issued only to qualified candidates.

Disadvantages of turbochargers

A turbocharger is the mechanical device that increases the flow of air in the engine, runs on waste exhaust gasses or we can say that it derives its energy from exhaust gasses that usually get wasted in the naturally aspirated engine. Let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages provided by the turbocharger. 

Disadvantages of turbochargers :

• The turbochargers of the cars which are equipped with the turbocharged technology have a short service life then the frequency of replacing turbocharger equals an additional charge of maintenance.
• Installation is a key component of a turbocharger's effectiveness, and not all mechanics are able to properly install one. If the mechanic even makes a minor mistake, it not only makes the turbocharger ineffective, it can also cause damage inside the engine.
• Turbochargers also can cause wear and tear on an engine and may also require an engine to be replaced sooner than expected.
• Because turbocharged vehicles are travelling at high speeds, any malfunctions may result in dangerous situations. While a turbocharger may be beneficial to those living in the mountains and having to climb steep hills, high-speed travel may cause a driver to turn off the road or crash into another vehicle.

Advantages and disadvantages of supercharger

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases an internal combustion engine's pressure or density of air supplied. This gives more oxygen to each engine intake cycle, allowing it to burn more fuel and do more work, thereby increasing power. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of the supercharger in this article. 

Advantages of superchargers :

• No turbo lag, so good response for throttle.
• Turbochargers require the cooling system as it's in contact with exhaust gas this problem is not in supercharges.
• Increased horsepower.
• Good power at low RPM as compare to turbocharges.
• More reliable is subject to less thermal stress and mechanical.
• Superchargers come in three forms centrifugal, screw and Vane type. The vane and screw-type superchargers can deliver air at little higher pressures than a turbocharger.
• No special shutdown procedure is required with superchargers because they are not lubricated by the engine oil, they can be shut down normally. 

Disadvantages of superchargers :

• Less efficient than turbochargers.
• The biggest disadvantages are that they suck engine power simply to produce engine power.
• A supercharger can consume as much as 20 % of an engine's total power output
• superchargers are still the most cost-effective way to increase horsepower.
• Increased consumption, because it can not take advantage of the exhaust gas, but absorbs energy from the engine.

Supercharger System

Introduction of supercharging :

The supercharging principal aim is to achieve the twin goals given below :

1. Improved power output
2. Minimum exhaust emission

The power output of a natural engine ( without supercharger engine ) mainly depends on the following factors :

1.  Amount of air inducted into the cylinder
2. Speed of the engine
3. Quantity of fuel entered
4. Combustion characteristics
5. The thermal efficiency of the engine
6. Utilization of inducted air

The most preferred method of increasing the power output is by means of increasing the mean effective pressure. this can be achieved by supplying air or air-fuel mixture at a pressure which is higher than the atmospheric pressure because this will increase density. this will increase the power output of the engine.

This method of supplying air or air-fuel mixture higher than the pressure at which the natural engine did by means of a boosting device is called the supercharging.

The device which boosts the pressure is called supercharger.

The points to be noted in supercharging engine are given below :

• Supercharging increases power output it does not increase the fuel consumption 
• A certain percentage of power is consumed in compressing the air. this power has to be taken from the engine itself. this will lead to some power loss. however, it is seen that the net power output will be more than the power output of and engine of the same capacity, without supercharging
• Supercharging may lead to detonation, therefore the fuel used must have better antiknock characteristics
• The engine should be designed to withstand the higher force 

In practice, the racing car engine used supercharging. 

The most important area where supercharging is of more importance are :

1. Marine and automotive engine where weight and space are important
2. Engines working at high altitudes

Types of supercharging :

There are three types of superchargers used in supercharging :

1. Centrifugal type 
2. Root's type
3. Vane type

Methods of supercharging : 

1. Ram effect
2. Under piston supercharging
3. Independently driven compressor or blower
4. Kadenacy system ( applied to the two-stroke engine )

Effects of supercharging :

Before supercharging one should understand its effect and its effect given below :

• Higher power output
• Greater induction of charge mass
• Better atomization of fuel
• Better scavenging of products 
• Better mixing of fuel and air
• Better torque characteristics over the whole speed range
• Quicker acceleration of the vehicle
• More complete and smoother combustion
• Poor ignition quality fuel usage
• Smoother operation and reduction in diesel knock tendency
• Increased detonation tendency in SI engine
• Improved cold starting
• Reduced exhaust smoke
• Reduced specific fuel consumption
• Increased mechanical efficiency
• Increased thermal stresses
• Increased heat losses due to increase turbulence
• Increased gas loading
• The increased valve overlap period
• Increased cooling requirements of pistons and valves

Limitations to supercharging :

• Thermal load on the various parts of the engine increases
• The valve overlap usually greater it may vary about 80 to 160 degree of crank angle
• The engine internals will be exposed to higher pressures and temperatures, which will, of course, affect the longevity of the engine.

Advantages of eddy current dynamometer

Eddy current dynamometer used to measure the torque and power of the engine. It works on the principle of generating eddy current which opposes the change in magnetic flux. Let us have a deep insight into the advantages provide by eddy current dynamometer. 

Advantages of eddy current dynamometer : 

• Relatively higher torque under low-speed conditions.
• No size limit it can be large or small.
• It can be capable of measuring high power per unit weight of the dynamometer.
• It does not have intricate rotating parts except shaft bearing.
• The development of eddy current is smooth and therefore the torque under almost all conditions is smooth and continuous as well.
• Easy to control and operate.

Disadvantages of diesel engine

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine made for converting heat into mechanical energy which is generated by spark ignition of petrol. Generally, petrol and air are usually mixed after compression stroke. There are four strokes in two revolutions of the piston such as suction, compression, expansion and exhaust. Let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages provided by the petrol engine. 

Disadvantages of diesel engine :

• Operating noise.
• Diesel engine employs a higher compression ratio so they must build stronger than the standard petrol engine it makes them heavier and bit more expensive to build.
• Poor cold-weather starting.
• The diesel-powered engine is costlier than the petrol one.
• Not sending the heat out the tailpipe.
• Repairing charge ( fuel injection breakdown ) is high than the petrol engine.
• Not high-speed performance as petrol cars.
• Increased demand for diesel creating high competition.
• The diesel engine is slower than Petrol ones.
• Need to change the oil, air, fuel filters.
• Need regular maintenance.
• No flashy high-speed performance as petrol cars.
• Some vehicles require manual emptying of water separators.

Disadvantages of petrol engine

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine made for converting heat into mechanical energy which is generated by spark ignition of petrol. Generally, petrol and air are usually mixed after compression stroke. There are four strokes in two revolutions of the piston such as suction, compression, expansion and exhaust. Let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages provided by the petrol engine. 

Disadvantages of petrol engine :

• Torque is less and pulling power is less as compare to a diesel engine.
• Less mileage.
• Consume a high amount of fuel while running on low RPM.
• Overtaking might seem trouble without gear changing as torque output is less.
• Overall fuel efficiency is less as compared to a diesel engine.
• The service requirement is frequent.
• Less durability and strength (up to 150000 miles).

Are Calculators allowed in CAT exam ?

No, you are not allowed calculator inside the CAT examination hall. but from 2015 there is on-screen calculator will be provided to you in all the three sections.

But the level of question is not set hard for the calculator point of view. if you know the strategy to solve the question you will be able to solve without using a calculator. 

In CAT is mainly based on time management exam one can best in time management and best in to pick the right question he or she will do good in CAT. An on-screen calculator is a waste of time if you reach to a good number of question attempt. so, I will advise you to be really good at mental maths and seeing the problems through a different perspective.

Use a calculator when it is an ultimate necessity in CAT. for practice don't use the calculator at all.

what they have given in examination that calculator given below.

Entance Exam Information

1. Some of the popular management entrance exams and their full form
2. Some of the popular engineering entrance exams and their full form
3. Some of the exams conducted by UPSC and their full form
4. Some of the popular study abroad entrance exam and their full form

Some of popular study abroad entrance exam and there full form

ACT – America College Test

GMAT – Graduate Management Admission Test

GRE – Graduate Record Examination

IELTS – International English Language Testing System

MCAT – Medical College Admission Test

OET – Occupational English Test

PTE Academic – The Pearson Test of English

SAT – Scholastic Aptitude Test

TOEFL – Test of English as Foreign Language

Some of the exams conducted by UPSC and there full form

CSE – Civil Services Examination

IEST – The Indian Economic Service exam

IFS – Indian Forest Service exam

ISS – Indian Statistical Service exam

SCRA – Special Class Railway Apprentices

Some of the popular engineering entrance exams and there full form

JEE (Main) – Joint Entrance Exam(Main)

JEE (Advanced) – Joint Entrance Exam(Advanced)

SRMEEE – SRM University Engineering Entrance Exam

VITEEE - Vellore Institute of Technology Engineering Entrance Exam

GCET – Goa Common Entrance Test

KCET - Karnataka Common Entrance Test

EAMCET - Engineering, Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test

Odisha JEE (OJEE) - Odisha Joint Entrance Exam

NMAT UG - Narsee Monjee Management Aptitude Test (for B.Tech and MBA Tech courses)

KEAM  - Kerala Engineering, Architecture, and Medical Entrance Exam

UPTU SEE Entrance exam - Uttar Pradesh Technical University State Entrance 

Examination

GUJCET Entrance exam – Gujrat Common Entrance Test