Covid-19 related mechanical project ideas | Corona related product ideas

COVID-19 Important instruction: 

COVID-19 full form is Corona Virus Disease 2019 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-COV-2 called Corona Virus 2. COVID-19 firstly identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and after that it spread globally, resulting in ongoing pandemic for worldwide. The symptoms of COVID-19 is fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell and taste. The virus spreads mainly through close contact between individuals via tiny droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, and talking. The droplet usually falls to the ground or onto any nearby surfaces rather than travelling through the air. People may become infected by touching the COVID-19 exposed surfaces and touching their faces. 

STAY HOME, STAY SAFE

Preventive measures against COVID-19: 

• Frequently washing hands
• Frequent use of sanitizer when you touch any surface outside. 
• Maintain social distance. 
• Home quarantine especially those who have some mild symptoms. 
• Keeping unwashed hand away form nose, and face. 
• If possible avoid going out

Mechanical Project Ideas for Students: 

1. Foot-operated sanitizer dispenser  

The purpose of this invention in pandemic time is to control the spread of coronavirus from an infected person to others while using the same sanitizer bottle. This is mainly designed for highly populated places such as a business hub, Hospitals, Office, Companies, Banks and other public places. 

With this device, the person used sensitizer without touching the bottle. A person presses the pedal with the foot and the bottle would dispense the liquid. 

In these devices, different size of sanitizer bottle can be used range up to 250 ml to 1 litre. 

2. Mechanical lead screw operated ventilator: 

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced critical shortages of ventilator worldwide. A mechanical ventilator is a system that delivers mechanical ventilation by pushing breathable air in and out of the lungs that can provide breathing to a patient who is unable to breathe or is difficult to breathe. Modern ventilators are microprocessor-controlled computerised devices, but a simple, hand-operated mask may also be used to ventilate patients. 

This ventilator consists of a tank or compressor for compressible air, supplies of air and oxygen, a series of valves and tubes, and a reusable circuit for patients.

3. Sanitisation disinfection gate: (Sanitisation Booth)

It is one type of tunnel used to reduce bacteria and unwanted viruses from clothes or the outer body of the objects. It can be made up of metal as well as plastic. Stainless steel board, spray nozzle, motion sensor, electrically controlled agricultural sprayer, piping, timer, relay circuit are the key components used for making this setup.

These devices can be used for public places like hospitals, bus stations, railway stations, malls, companies, cinema halls, temples, parks, etc. 

4. Mechanical sanitizer sprayer pump: 

This device can be used for cleaning the home surrounding. The spraying is done by labour carrying backpack type sprayer. This type of sprayer requires more human effort. The main objective of this type of sprayer pump is a modification of agriculture sprayer for sanitising home surrounding frequently without using hands for pumping. 

It consists of bicycle spoked wheel which connected with an oscillating hand pump lever using a chain and sprocket mechanism. 

Thanks for reading an article. If you have any suggestions or any innovative ideas related to projects contact us or comment below. 

Difference between PERT and CPM

To achieve the end of the goal of the project on time, PERT and CPM are two management techniques that every manager should be implemented. These techniques help us to display the progress and series of actions and events of a project. So here this article gives the main key difference between PERT and CPM to better understand this topic.

What is PERT?

PERT stands for project evaluation and Review technique, It is used for the project where the time required or needed to complete different activities are not known. PERT is used mainly to plan, coordinate and incorporate multiple activities within a project. It provides project blueprint and is an effective project assessment technique.

What is CPM?

CPM stands for the critical path method, it is used for the project where the time needed for completion of the project is already known. It is used primarily to assess the estimated timeframe during which a project will be completed. A critical path is the largest path in project management which always provide minimum time taken for completion of the project.

Difference between PERT ad CPM:

• PERT is a method in project management used to control a project's unpredictable operations. CPM is a project management statistical methodology that handles a project's well-defined activities.
• PERT is a probabilistic model, while the CPM is the deterministic model.
• PERT is a time planning and control methodology, while CPM is a tool for cost and time control.
• PERT is evet oriented, while CPM is an activity-oriented.
• PERT is nonrepetitive, CPM is repetitive in nature.
• PERT focuses on time, while CPM is focus o time-cost trade-off.
• As a research and development project, PERT has evolved, while CPM has evolved as a construction project.
• PERT is unpredictable, while in CPM is predictable activities.
• PERT is no differentiation, while in  CPM is differentiated.
• PERT is a high precision time estimate, while CPM is a reasonable time estimate.
• PERT is three-time estimates, while in CPM is a one-time estimate.
• PERT is suitable for research and development projects, while CPM is suitable for civil construction, shipbuilding and non-research projects.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas welding

Gas welding is a fusion welding process, in which the heat for welding is obtained by the combustion of oxygen and some fuel gas. The fuel gas may be acetylene, hydrogen, propane, or butane. So here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of gas welding to better understand this topic.

Advantages or pros of Gas welding:

• It is a heavy section that cannot be joined economically.
• Flame temperature is less than the temperature of the arc.
• Fluxes used in certain welding operations produce a flame that is irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.
• It can be used as a site.
• It can also be used as gas cutting.
• It is a very simple piece of equipment.
• It is easy to operate and does not require a high skill operator.
• It is probably the most versatile process. It can be applied to a wide variety of manufacturing and maintenance situations.
• It can be easily maintained and repaired.
• Equipment is portable than the other type of welding.
• It is seld sufficient and does not rely on other equipment.
• The rate of heating and cooling process is relatively slow. In some cases this is in advantages.
• The welder has considerable control over the temperature of the metal in some of the weld zone.
• The equipment is versatile, low cost and usually portable.
• The cost and the maintenance of the gas welding equipment are low when compared to that of some other welding processes.
• Since the source of heat and also of filler metal are separate, the welder has total control over filler metal deposition rates.

Disadvantages or Cons of Gas welding:

• Heavy sections cannot be joined economically.
• Flame temperature is less than the temperature of the arc.
• Fluxes used in certain welding and brazing operation produce fumes that are irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.
• More safety problems are associated with the handling and storing of gases.
• Gas flame takes a long time to heat up the metal than the use of arc welding.
• Acetylene and oxygen gases are rather expensive. 
• Flux shielding in gas welding is not so effective as an inert gas shieling TIG or MIG welding.
• The power density is low.
• A skilled operator is required to operate this machine.
• Slow metal joining rate.
• Higher safety issues due to the naked flame of high temperature.
• It provides low surface finish. This process needs a finishing operation after welding.
• Gas welding has a large heat-affected zone which can cause a change in the mechanical properties of parent materials.
• No shielding is which causes more welding defects.
• The heat-affected zone is large.
• Gas welding is not recommended for welding reactive and refractory metals like titanium and zirconium.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of arc welding
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Resistance welding
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electron beam welding
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser beam welding
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Projection welding
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of TIG welding
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction welding

Advantages and disadvantages of arc welding

Arc welding is a welding process that uses an electric arc to create enough heat to melt metal, it cools and results in the bonding of the metals. This fusion welding uses AC or DC power supply as its source of heat. this power supply creates an arc between a consumable or non-consumable electrode, passing either AC or DC current to the base materials. So here this article gives the advantages and disadvantages of arc welding to better understand this topic. 

Advantages or pros of arc welding:

• It is suitable for high-speed welds.
• It is a simple welding apparatus.
• It can work on AC or DC.
• Superior temperatures.
• Less smoke or sparks are involved.
• Portability as a result of the simple equipment.
• High welding speed.
• It is a fast welding process when compared to others,
• It offers strong joints.
• Produces very little distortion.
• High corrosion resistance.
• It has the ability to weld on porous and dirty metal.
• It is the equipment that is inexpensive.
• Its operation can be performed during wind or rain.
• Its power supply can be used where there is electricity and the alternative can use be if there is no electricity but generators.
• Smooth welding is achieved.
• It is a good impact strength.
• Arc welding beads can be used to create designed on fine metals.
• It can be carried out in any atmosphere.

Disadvantages or Cons of arc welding:

• Require skilled welders.
• Cannot be used for reactive metal like AI or Ti.
• Not suitable for welding thin metals.
• Not all thin metal can weld on arc welding.
• Well trained and skillful operator is needed for the task.
• Increases of project costs as wastage is inevitable during the process.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of gas welding

Difference between cold riveting and hot riveting

Cold riveting no such heat is required, While in hot riveting a suitable heat source for heating rivets. So here this article gives the more key difference between cold riveting and hot riveting to better understand this topic.

Hot riveting:

Hot riveting, the rivet end is heated by some external means before hammering. Heating temperature 2/3 of the melting point of the rivet materials. Due to such heating, the material becomes soft and plastic, and thus the lower upsetting force is required. Hot riveting is preferred basically as lower force is required. It is also favourable for large diameter rivets, and it is usually diameter larger than 10mm. Thermal expansion of rivet due to heating also has an important role in gripping strength.

Cold Riveting:

Cold riveting is performed at room temperature only. The rivet is not too heated and thus hammering is carried out at room temperature. So a comparatively higher force is required for upsetting. However, no heat source is desired for heating as a rivet. Heating time is also not associated with it, so the process is comparatively faster. If the rivet diameter is large or it is made of stronger material a large amount of hammering force is desired.

Difference between  hot riveting and cold riveting:

• In hot riveting, the protruding end of rivets is heated to an elevated temperature prior to hammering, while in cold riveting, hammering is carried out at room temperature. No heating is performed.
• Cold riveting no such heat is required, While in hot riveting a suitable heat source for heating rivets.
• In cold riveting no tensile stress develops within rivets, so gripping is not very tight, while in hot riveting volumetric shrinkage, tensile stress develops within rivets as it cools down. This stress helps gripping components tightly.
• Cold riveting may not necessarily leak-proof, while in hot riveting due to tight gripping, hot riveting mostly provides leak-proof joints.
• In cold riveting, no heating time is associated with cold riveting, so it is a faster process. While in hot riveting heating a large number of rivets take time. So hot riveting is a time-consuming process.
• Cold riveting rivets are subjected to shear force only, while in hot riveting rivets are subjected to both shear and tensile force.
• Cold riveting is preferred when the rivet is made of soft materials or its diameter is smaller than 10 mm, while in hot riveting is preferred either when the rivet is made of ferrous metal or when the rivet diameter is more than 10 mm.
• Comparatively higher force is required for upsetting as rivet material remains at room temperature, while in hot riveting lower force is required during upsetting as rivet remains in a plastic state due to heating.
• Hot riveting due to strong gripping force, joints are usually leak-proof, while in cold riveting is not recommended for fluid-tight joining purposes

Similarities between hot riveting and cold riveting:

• Straps plates can be used in both the cases if required.
• Both offer an intermittent joint.
• Both the riveting techniques are required pre-drilled holes on the components for the uses of the passage of rivets. Such holes lead to stress concentration and considerably reduce the load-carrying capacity of the assembled structure due to the reduction of the cross-sectional area.
• Both require hammering or upsetting for making a closing head at the protruding end of the rivet shank, however, the intensity of the hammering force differs.
• Both hot riveting and cold riveting are permanent joining techniques methods. They also fall under mechanical joining techniques.

Difference between arc welding and gas welding

There are two main types of welding are arc welding and gas welding. Both of these are used for joining together metals and which is depending on the nature of the job. So here this article gives the more key difference between the Arc welding and the gas welding to better understand this topic.

What is Arc welding?

An electric arc is established heat for fusing the bases metals for coalescence formation. The electrically conductive metal is only applicable to arc welding. It is the process of joining together metals using some electricity. To keep it simple, and while welding the electricity creates an electric, at that time the arc itself produces high heat that melts base metals with filler wire allowing to fuse them into a solid piece.

What is Gas Welding?

Heat is supplied using a frame produced by the chemical combustion of gaseous fuel with oxygen. Electrical conductivity has no role in the gas welding process.

Difference between Arc welding and gas welding: 

• In the arc welding, electricity is used to generating heat, while in gas welding, fuel gases like acetylene, hydrogen are used to generate heat.
• In Arc welding consumable electrode is used, while in Gas welding non-consumable electrode is used.
• Arc welding generates stronger joint compare to gas welding, while in Gas welding gives weaker joint.
• This welding generates higher temperatures than gas welding. The temperature is about 6000C, while in gas welding generates lower temperatures than arc welding. The temperature is about 3600C.
• The initial cost of Arc welding is high, While in Gas welding setup cost is low.
• The speed of Arc welding is high, the speed of Gas welding is less efficient.
• Arc welding is more efficient, while in Gas welding is less efficient.
• The heat is concentrate in Arc welding, while in the heat is distributing according to the flame. There is a higher loss of energy.
• Arc welding can be used in welding alone, but in Gas, welding can be used in welding, Brazing, and soldering.
• The electrode is combined with the filler metal in Arc welding, while in a filler rod is used separately if required in Gas welding.
• There is a risk of explosion due to high voltage in Arc welding, while in Gas welding there is a risk of explosion due to high pressure.
• Arc welding is mostly used in joint similar material, while in Gas welding is mostly used to join both similar and different methods.
• The electrical power supply is a prerequisite for every arc welding, while in GAs welding no such power supply is desired.

Explore more information:

1. Advantages and disadvantages of gas welding
2. Difference between MIG and TIG welding
3. Difference between laser and electron beam welding
4. Difference between welding and fabrication
5. Difference between welding and riveting

Difference between full annealing and process annealing

What is the full annealing process?

Annealing is a heat treatment process in which the material is taken to a high temperature kept there for some time and then cooled in a furnace. Cooling is done slowly to avoid the distortion.

What is process annealing?

Process annealing is a heat treatment that is often used to soften and increase the ductility of a previously strain hardened metal. Ductility is important in shaping and creating a more refined piece of work through processes such as rolling, drawing, forging, extruding, spinning, and adding. 

So here this article gives the main key difference between full annealing and process annealing to better understand this topic.

Difference between full annealing and process annealing:

Full annealing:

• Heat 30 to 50 °C above its critical temperature, keep it at that temperature for while then slowly cooled down.
• Suitable in low mild steel as well as in high carbon steel.
• Phase transformation occurred during the full annealing process. The resulting crystal structure laminated perlite.
• The resulted metal is more ductile, and this process is used in steel for deep-drawing operation.

Process annealing:

• Steel heated below the critical temperature, keep it at that temperature for while then cooled slowly, also called as subcritical annealing. 
• Suitable for low carbon steel.
• Phase transformation not involved in this process. The material is in the same phase is throughout the process.
• Process annealing is cheaper than full annealing. 
• Used in sheet metal and wire industries.

Difference between centrifugal and inertia governor

Work on the principle of balancing of centrifugal force, while the inertia governor works on the principle of the moment of inertia. So here this article gives the main key difference between centrifugal and inertia governor to better understand this topic.

What is a centrifugal governor?

As we know that the centrifugal governor is basically based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls for an equal and opposite radial force. It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms. These balls are known as the governor balls.

What is an inertia governor?

As we know that an inertia governor, the fly balls which are arranged in such a manner that the angular acceleration or some retardation of the governor shaft will change the position of these balls.

Difference between  centrifugal and inertia governer:

• The working of a centrifugal governor which depends on the change in speed and centrifugal force on the governor balls. Whereas the working of inertia governer in addition to centrifugal force, the position of the governor ball and thus the operation of the governer controlled by the force of angular acceleration and retardation of the spindle.
• The only centrifugal force which is in controlling some action and process, while in the inertia governor, both centrifugal force and inertia forces are in action.
• The sensitiveness is too much less than when we compared to the inertia governor, and the Interia governor is highly sensitive to varying load.
• In centrifugal, governer, mass rotates in a horizontal plane, while in inertia governer mass rotates in the verticle plane.
• In centrifugal, the response is slower than the inertia governor, The reaction of the inertia governer in faster than that of the centrifugal governor. 
• In a centrifugal governor easy to balance the revolving parts, while in an inertia governor hard to balance revolving parts.
• Work on the principle of balancing of centrifugal force, while in inertia work on the principle of the moment of inertia.
• In the centrifugal governer more frequently used, while in inertia governer not popular.
• In centrifugal no directly attached to the engine shaft, while in inertia directly attached to the engine shaft.
• Centrifugal preferred over inertia governor when we balancing of revolving masses in an issue and problem, while in inertia governor preferred over centrifugal governor when a more rapid response to change is needed.

Difference between single stage and multi stage compressor

The easiest way to explain the difference between a single-stage and multi-stage compressor is the number of times that the sir is compressed. In a  single-stage system, the air is compressed once, and in a dual-stage, the sir is compressed twice. So here this article gives the main key difference between single-stage and multi-stage compressors to better understand this topic.

Single-stage compressor:

In a single-stage piston compressor, the air is drawn into a cylinder and compressed in a single-piston stroke to a pressure of approximately 120 PSI. Then it is sent to the storage tank. All rotary compressor is a single stage.

Multi-stage compressor:

While in a multi-stage compressor the first step is the same except that the air is not directed to the storage tank, the air is sent via an intercooler tube to a second, smaller high-pressure piston and compressed a second time and compressed to a pressure of 175 PSI. Then it is sent through the aftercooler to the storage tank.

Difference between single-stage and multi-stage compressor:

• In a single-stage compressor only one cylinder for the compression process, While in a multi-stage compressor more than one cylinder is connected in series.
• In a single-stage compressor used in low-pressure ratio application, while in a multi-stage compressor achieve a very high-pressure ratio.
• Volumetric efficiency is low for given pressure ration in a single-stage compressor whereas volumetric efficiency is high for a given pressure ratio.
• The temperature of fluid due to compression is very high. No intercooler, while in Multi-stage compressor temperature is low. Intercooling is more efficient than cooling with a cylinder wall surface. It also reduces thermal stress.
• In a single-stage compressor suitable for the light task, In a multi-stage compressor suitable for the heavy task. It can manage a larger load.
• In a single-stage compressor large size of flywheel required due to high torque fluctuation, while in a multi-stage compressor provide more uniform torque, it needs a light flywheel.
• In a single-stage compressor the size of the cylinder is very large when compared to the cylinders in the multistage compressor, While in In a multi-stage compressor individual cylinders are small when compared to single-cylinder compression.

Difference between welding and riveting

Riveting and welding joint both are totally different ways to join pieces of metal and there are generally used for completely different application and difference. So here this article gives information about the main key difference between welding and riveting to better understand this topic.

What is riveting?

Riveting is a metal joining process in which the two metallic arts are joined by the use of rivets. In this process, the metallic parts to be joined do not undergo any change in their physical structure or they change the atomic structure. However, force is required for riveting. Riveting is used widely in the automobile and aerospace industry and in much other application where we require permanent or semipermanent bonding and where bolting and welding is not an option.

What is welding?

Welding is a metal joining process the two-part that are to be welded are fused together by application of heat and pressure. Permanent fusion happens between joining metals. The welding process demands many factors depending on the type of welding process like SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, etc.

Difference between welding and riveting:

• In welding, no hole is required to drill on the parent components in order to join them y welding. While in riveting requires a number of through-holes on parent components for passage of rivets. 
• The time required for welding is also less. While in riveting drilling the holes, inserting the rivets, heating the protruding end, ad the upsetting them all these steps take substantial time.
• The load-carrying capacity of the component before and after welding remains the same. While in the riveting cross-sectional area reduces due to holes. Thus load carrying capacity also degrades.
• The strength of the welded joint is very high, the strength of the riveted joint is comparatively low.
• Welding properties of the base plate surrounding the weld bead are affected during welding, Riveting metallurgical properties of the base plate material remain unaffected in riveting.
• In the welding process, the joint is prone to fail under vibrations, Rivet joint performs well under vibrations.
• Weld joint does not require any additional strap, rivet, and some other materials, etc. However, filler metal can be used when the root gap is more, while in rivet joint inherently require various accessories like rivets, straps, and some other materials, etc.
• Designing a welded assembly is easy, cheap, and time-efficient, while designing a riveted assembly require bulk calculations, so it is costly and time-consuming.
• Welded assemblies lighter in weight as no additional part is used except filter metal, Due to the use of several additional parts, riveted assemblies become heavy.
• Weld joints are susceptible under vibration, rivers joints perform excellently under vibration. Inherently the rivet joint requires various accessories such as rivets, straps etc. However, the so-called filler metal is not required.
• Welded structures are lighter in weight, riveted structures are heavier due to the usage of additional straps.
• Welding offers apparently magnificent joint, Due to the presence of rivet heads and hammered portion opposite to head, appearance hampered.
• The welding process is also faster, riveting is one slow process as drilling holes and hammer it rivets require a significant amount of time.
• The weld joint is susceptible under the vibration, Rivet joint performs excellently under vibrations.
• Lap joining, butt joining, T-joining, and cylindrical joining, etc are possible by using welding, While the Riveting joining is suitable only for butt joining. Lap joining requires additional plates.
• The major used for Welding is joining of metals, ceramics, plastics, and composites also, Riveting is suitable for joining metals only.
• Welding has a vast area of application starting from joining thin plates in the automobile industry to pipe joining, Area of application of riveting is narrow. Typical application includes pressure vessel, gas cylinder, boiler, etc.

Explore more information:

1. Difference between arc welding and gas welding

Difference between CNC and DNC

The main difference between CNC and DNC is that CNC is transferring machine instruction while in DNC is control the information distribution to a wide variety of machines. So here this article gives information about the difference between CNC and DNC machines to better understand this topic.

What is CNC?

CNC stands for computer numerical code, the machine is operated through numerical codes. A computer virus is a custom for additionally, the machines can be used to, and it is coded with the CNC machining language that is G code and mainly control all picks like coordination feed rat speed and location, CNC can be used in growing each plastic steel and elements. CNC technology is also widely applied in the manufacturing of automotive PCBs, ensuring accuracy and reliability in vehicle electronic systems.

FS Fab is one of the leading providers of CNC machining solutions, known for its precision and advanced manufacturing capabilities.The company integrates cutting-edge CNC systems to deliver high-quality fabricated components across various industries.

What is DNC?

DNC called direct numerical control, it denotes the networking of CNC machines. DNC machine that is uses a giant mainframe PC to manage a range of NC machines. The program is performed externally then dispatched to the person machine.

Difference between CNC and DNC :

• CNC stands for computer numerical control, DNC stands for direct numerical control.
• In CNC, far off controlling of the operation is not possible, while in DNC facilitate far-flung control.
• CNC is transferring machine instruction, DNC controls the information distribution to a wide variety of machines.
• CNC is a vital section of the machine, DNC is not crucial to machines, DNC pc ca come across at a distance from devices. 
• In the CNC program feeds directly into the computer by a small keyboard similar to our traditional keyboard, while in DNC part program is feed to the machine through the main computer.
• Using CNC PC manipulates one NC machine, Using the DNC programmer can manage more than one NC laptop as required.
• CNC is a feedback system, while DNC did not remove the tape.
• CNC has low processing power when compared to DNC, DNC has high processing energy when compared to CNC.
• CNC software is to enlarge the capacity of the precise computing device tool, while DNC now not only controls the equipment, also serves as a part of the administration statistics system.
• In CNC we can modify the program in the computer, while in DNC order to modify a single computer is used.
• CNC cost is high, while in DNC control more than 100 CNC machines at a time.
• In CNC machine accuracy is high, while in DNC two way communication by telecommunication line.
• CNC machine maintenance is high, Maintenance is low in DNC machines.

Explore more information:

1. Difference between NC and CNC

Difference between NC and CNC

CNC and NC machine both are automatic machines used for machining any metal with an accurate dimension. This machine work on the feeding mechanism in which we command the machine through the program to make it perform a certain operation. So here this article gives information about the difference between NC and CNC machines to better understand this topic.

Definition of NC machine

NC machine systems use a fixed logical function to handle a  machine tool or the machining process. NC specifies the control of the machine movements and there are various different functions with the help of instructions represented as a sequence of numbers. The electronic control systems drive the NCs. Although, We cannot change the function in the NC, meaning it is not programmable, due to the rigid wiring of the control logic and it is considered as hardwired. 

Definition of CNC machine

The CNC is generated by merging the computer with numerical control. SO how it is different from the NC systems? It uses internal microprocessors which are comprised of memory registers. The memory registers store various routines that ca successfully manipulate logical functions. So a machine operator is capable of altering the program on the control itself. This is very advantageous for the CNC machines.

Difference between NC and CNC:

• NC stands for numerical control while in the CNC called for computer numerical control.
• In the NC machine, the operational parameter can not be altered, while in a CNC machine, we can alter the operational parameters.
• The accuracy and flexibility of the CNC control are higher than the NC controls.
• CNC machines are costly and require more maintenance cost as compared to the NC machines.
• The NC machine, the instruction are given to the machine through punched cards, while CNC uses the computer for giving the input to the machine.
• In NC machine modification in the program is difficult, while in CNC machine modification in the program is very easy.
• The NC programs can only be modified by changing the information in the punched card, While CNC programs can be changed directly from the computer.
• NC machine required more time and expert operators for developing the products, on the other hand, CNC is fast and more automated and does not require much manual work.
• Except for punched cards, there is no other mechanism is available in the NC for the storage of the information, While in CNC uses computer chips for memory storage.
• The programs in the NC machine cannot be stored, In CNC machines, the program is stored on the computer and can be used again and again.
• In NC machine is not possible to run it continuously, while in CNC machine can be run continuously for 24 hours of a day.

Explore more information: 

1. Difference between CNC and VMC

Difference between impulse and reaction turbine

The main difference between impulse and reaction turbines is that all hydraulic is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle in the impulse turbine and while in reaction turbine only some amount of the available energy is converted into in the form of kinetic energy. So here this article gives the main difference between impulse and reaction turbines to better understand this topic.

What is the impulse turbine?

In the impulse, the turbine changes the velocity of the water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine curved blade which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in the momentum causes a force on the turbine blades basis.

What is the reaction turbine?

The reaction turbines are acted on by water which changes pressure as it moved through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure, there must be fully submerged in the water flow.

Difference between impulse turbine and reaction turbine:

• The impulse turbine only the kinetic energy is used to rotate the turbine, while in reaction turbine both the kinetic and pressure energy are used to rotate the turbine.
• The impulse turbine all hydraulic energy is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle and it is the jet so produced which strikes the runner blades, while in the reaction turbine only some amount of the available energy is converted into the form of kinetic energy before the fluid enters the runner.
• In an impulse turbine, the watertight casing is not necessary. The casing has no hydraulic function to perform. It only serves to prevent splashing and guide water to the tailrace. But in the reaction turbine, the runner must be enclosed within a watertight casing.
• The impulse turbine doesn't run full and air has free access to a bucket, while in reaction turbine water completely fills at the passes between the blades and while flowing between the inlet and outlet section does work on the blades.
• In Impulse, turbine water is admitted only in the form of jets. There may be one or more jet striking the equal number of buckets simultaneously but in reaction turbines, the water is admitted over the entire circumference of the runner.
• Impulse turbine has a high operating speed, while in reaction turbine has a low operating speed.
• In an impulse, the turbine is always installed above the tailrace and there is no draft tube used, while in reaction turbine is generally connected to the grade to the tailrace through a draft tube which is a gradually expanding passage. It may be installed below or above the tailrace.
• In an impulse turbine, the pressure of the water remains unchanged and is equal to the atmospheric pressure during the process, while in reaction turbine the pressure of the water is reducing after passing through vanes.
• For the same power development, the number of stages required in an impulse turbine is way less when compared to the number of stages required in the reaction turbine.
• Impulse turbine has less maintenance work where the reaction turbine has high maintenance work.
• Impulse turbine is used for steam propulsion of ship and submarines, electricity generation and for cargo operation on ship and refineries. While in reaction turbine is mainly used for electricity generation.
• Example of the Impulse turbine is a Pelton wheel, Banki turbine, on the other hand, the reaction turbine is Francis turbine, Kaplan and propeller turbine, Deriaz turbine, Fourneyron, tubular turbine, etc.
• In an impulse turbine, relative velocity of fluids remains fairly same across the blades, while in reaction turbine relative velocity of a fluid increases gradually across the blades.
• The degree of reaction is 0 in impulse turbine, while in reaction turbine the degree of reaction between 0 and 1.

Explore more information:

1. Difference Between Cutting Speed and Cutting Velocity

Difference between synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox

The synchromesh gearbox is used to engage also to disengage gear but in constant mesh, gearbox used to engage and disengage gears. So here this article gives information about the main key difference between the synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox to better understand this topic.

What is the synchromesh gearbox?

In this type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type gearbox. Instead of using dog clutches here and also synchronizers are used. The modem car uses helical gears ad synchromesh device is gearboxes, that synchronize the rotation of gears that are about to the meshed. Its working is similar to the constant mesh type, but in the former, there is a definite improvement.

What is constant mesh gearbox?

The constant-mesh gearbox is a type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in mesh types with one to another, as opposed to a sliding gear transmission, in which engagement is obtained by some sliding of the gears along a shaft into the mesh. In this gearbox gear ratios are selected by small clutches that is connect the various gear sets to their shafts so that power is transmitted through them.

Difference between the synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox:

• Synchronizers are used to engage and disengage gears in synchromesh gearbox. Whereas dog clutches are used to engage and disengage gears. 
• Synchronizer gearbox will be no slip in the case of the synchromesh gearbox. While in slip takes place in the constant mesh gearbox.
• The locking action was fully satisfied by the synchromesh gearbox. The locking action was partially satisfied by constant mesh gearbox. 

Difference between shaper and planner machine

The main difference between shaper and planer is that in shaper machine workpiece is fixed at the table and tool is in reciprocating motion which rubs the workpiece and cut unwanted metal. While in planner machine tool acts like a stationary body and workpiece move over it. It is used for large size workpieces. There are many other differences which are described below. So here this article gives the main key difference between the shaper and planer machine to better understand this topic.

What is the shaper machine?

Shaper machine is defined as the process of removing the material from the surface of the workpiece, fixed in the machine vice by a single-point cutting tool that reciprocates in linear motion across the workpiece. The material removed from the workpiece will be horizontal, vertical, and angular planes by the single point cutting tools.

What is the planner machine?

Planner machine is defined as the process of removing the material from the surface of the workpiece, by mean of tool which is fixed and the workpiece reciprocates along with it. As it is also using a single-point cutting tool, but the machinery is large compared to a shaper machine and can machine large components.

Difference between  shaper and planner machine:

• Shaper machine is traditionally a small machine ad preferred for smaller jobs. Whereas the planner machine is larger and can accommodate the heavier and larger job. Job as a large as 7 meters wide and twice long can be machined on a planer. 
• Shaper requires a large floor space, while the planer requires less floor space.
• It is possible for a shaper to make light cuts and finer feed. While it is possible for a planer to make heavier cuts and coarse feed.
• Tools used in shapers are lighter and smaller, whereas tools used in planers are heavier, stronger, and larger.
• Shaper, workpiece imparts cutting motion, while cutting tool gives feed motion, on the other hand, planer, the workpiece imparts feed motion while cutting tool gives cutting motion.
• Shaper has a lower rate of power consumption, the planer has a high rate of power consumption.
• Shaper machine work is held stationary and the cutting tool on the ram is pushed back and forth over the work. While in the planer machine the tool is stationary and workpiece travel back and both under the tool.
• In the planner machine, multiple tooling permits machining of more than one surface at a time whereas only one tool is used on a shaper.
• The planner has a comparatively high machining accuracy when compared to the shaper.
• Shaper Machine, cutting, and return speeds vary throughout the strokes, while in the planer machine, cutting and return speeds are uniform throughout the strokes.
• Shaper is simple in construction and less rigid, while the planer is very robust and rigid in construction.
• Shaper machine work setting requires less skill and less time whereas in the planer machine, work setting requires specialized skill ad more time.
• The shaper uses a quick return mechanism to drive them ram. In morden shaper machine, the hydraulic drive is also used, while in planer is given by gear or hydraulic arrangement.
• Shaper has only one cutting tool that can be used at a time, the planer has a facility to accommodate multiple tools and simultaneously use all of them.
• A shaper machine is not suitable for machining small and medium-size work, one or few at a time, a planer is usually not suitable for matching the small and medium size of work, one or few at a time.
• Shaper provides low MRR, thus shaping is less productive, the planner has longer stroke length and can take heavy cuts therefore MRR is high and the operation is productive.

Difference between reversible and irreversible process

A reversible process is a process the system can be is thermodynamic equilibrium, while in the irreversible process is a thermodynamic process that cannot be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system. So here this article gives information about the main key difference between the reversible and irreversible processes to better understand this topic.

What is a reversible process?

In a reversible process, the series of changes carried out on the system during that is the transformation from initial to the final state may be possibly reversed in an exact manner.

What is an irreversible process?

An irreversible process is one that cannot be retracted to the initial state without making a permanent change in the surrounding. Many of the spontaneous processes and systems are irreversible in nature.

Difference between reversible and irreversible process:

• A reversible process is carried out infinitesimally slowly, while in irreversible is carried out rapidly.
• The reversible process takes infinite time for completion, while the irreversible process takes a finite time for completion.
• A reversible process is a process that can be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system, while in the irreversible process is a thermodynamic process that cannot be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system.
• Reversible at any stage, the equilibrium is not disturbed, while in irreversible equilibrium may exist only after the completion of the process.
• Work obtained in this process is maximum while an irreversible process work obtained is no maximum. 
• The reversible process can be reversed, the irreversible process cannot e reversed.
• A reversible process is an equilibrium between the initial stage and the final state of the system, Irreversible process there is no equilibrium in the system.
• A reversible process can be made to proceed in a forward or backward direction. The irreversible process can take place in one direction only.
• Work done in a reversible process is greater than the corresponding work done in an irreversible process, while in work done in an irreversible process is always lower than the same kind of work done in a reversible process.

Difference between reciprocating and rotary compressors

The main difference between rotary and reciprocating compressor can be done on the basis of maximum delivery pressure, free discharge rate, speed of the compressor, the supply of air,  the size of compressor, lubrication system, efficiency, suitability, initial cost, working fluid, the cycle of operation, balancing. So here this article gives the information about the main key difference between reciprocating compressor and a rotary compressor to better understand this topic.

What is a reciprocating compressor?

Reciprocating compressors are meat intermittent use and when you need a small amount of air. These are best suited for a homeowner. Workshops, small business, and construction work. If your compressor is going to be idle more than about one of a third of the time, then a  reciprocating compressor is a probably better choice for your need and satisfaction because the rotary compressor does not fare well with downtime.

What is a rotary compressor?

Rotary compressors are for an application that needs continues to air. They are designed to operate non stop and produce a strong and consistent flow of air. Rotary compressors are a good choice for commercial as well as industrial users that have a constant demand for air. They are very durable and reliable in situations where they are put under a lot of demand. 

Difference between reciprocating and rotary compressors:

• In reciprocating compressor compression of air takes place with the help of position and cylinder arrangement with reciprocating motion of the piston. While in rotary compressor compression of air takes place due to rotary motion of blades.
• Reciprocating compressor delivery of air intermittent, Rotary compressor delivery of air is continuous. 
• The reciprocating compressor flow rate of air is low, while the flow rate of air is high in a rotary compressor.
• Delivery pressure is high in a reciprocating compressor, while the delivery pressure is low in the rotary compressor.
• Rotation speed is low in a reciprocating compressor, while in rotation speed is high in a rotary compressor 
• The reciprocating compressor needs proper lubrication and more maintenance, while in a rotary compressor required less lubrication and maintenance.
• The speed of the compressor is low because of unbalanced in a reciprocating compressor but the speed of the compressor is high because of perfect balancing in a rotary compressor.
• In reciprocating air compressor has more number of moving parts, while in rotary air compressor has fewer number of moving parts.
• A reciprocating compressor is used when the small quality of air at high pressure is required, while in a rotary compressor used where large-quality pressure is required.
• Reciprocating compressor due to the speed of rotation can not be directly coupled to prime mover but it requires reduction of speed, but in the rotary compressor can be directly coupled to the prime mover.
• The size of the reciprocating compressor is bulky for given discharge volume, while in rotary compressor size is small for given discharge volume.
• Reciprocating compressor required complicated lubrication style is required, while in a rotary compressor Simple lubrication style is required.
• Reciprocating compressor air is delivered from the compressor is dirty, since it comes in contact with the lubricating oil and cylinder surface. While on air delivered from the rotary compressor is clean and free from dirt.

Difference between air cooled and water cooled condenser

The main important factor to note in the comparison between the air-cooled condenser and the water-cooled condenser is the cost of purchase, maintenance, and installation. Here this article gives the main difference between air-cooled and water-cooled condenser to better understand this topic. 

What is Air-cooled condenser?

The air-cooled condensers use ambient air for cooling in the refrigerant cycle. These can often be seen outdoors, as they are commonly used in the exterior unit in the residential and rooftop cooling system.

What is Water cooled condenser?

Water cooling systems have been widely used for years, although they are also on the rise in small businesses and some residential applications. The system operates through a network of water coils used to transfer the heat from the condenser coil. These systems typically work in tandem with the cooling tower in order to circulate out the heat.

Difference between Air-cooled and water-cooled condenser:

• In an Air-cooled condenser, the initial and maintenance cost is low due to simple construction. While in water-cooled condenser cost high since construction is complicated.
• Air-cooled condenser used for low capacity, while in water-cooled condenser used for large capacity.
• An air-cooled condenser no handling problem with air but in water-cooled condenser difficult to handle.
• While the used air-cooled condenser fouling effect is low since no corrosion, while water-cooled condenser fouling effect is high due to corrosion inside tubes.
• Air-cooled condenser low heat transfer capacity due to the low thermal conductivity of air, while in water-cooled condenser they have high heat transfer capacity due to the high thermal conductivity of water.
• The hot air can easily dispose of in air-cooled condenser while in there is the problem of disposing of in water-cooled condenser used water unless the recirculation system is provided
• Air cool condenser operates on higher condensing temperature so more power required, but in water-cooled operate on lower condensing temperature.
• In Air-cooled condenser, the efficiency advantage lessens at part load condition, while in water-cooled condenser efficiency advantages much less due to additional cost of CT and pump. 
• In Air-cooled condenser do not require a sophisticated piping arrangement for carrying air, While in water-cooled condenser piping arrangement is required for carrying water.
• Air-cooled condensers required more power for the circulation of air and high power fans are noisy. But in water-cooled condensers require less power to the circulation on water.
• Air-cooled condenser refrigerant condensing temperature is higher due to dependent on DBT, while in water-cooled condenser refrigerant condensing temperature is lower due to dependent on condenser water temperature which is dependent on WBT.
• Air-cooled condenser life approx 15 to 20 years, while in water-cooled condenser longer equipment life 20 to 30 years.