Lenoir cycle | Working process | Thermal efficiency

The Lenoir cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that can be invented by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir in 1860 is often used to model a pulse jet engine. 

Process of Lenoir cycle :

All type of process individually done in a heat engine in Lenior cycle. 

The Lenoir cycle consists of four processes which are following below. 

• A constant-volume gas expansion process. From the diagram shown below the ideal gas in the system absorbs some amount of heat from the heat source at a high temperature and then expands thus the work was done on surroundings. 
• A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. In this process, the system is thermally insulated. The gas expands continuously and does work on surrounding, which causes the system to cool to a lower temperature. 
• A reversible isothermal gas compression process. In this process, work has done surrounding gas and cause a loss of heat.
• A reversible adiabatic gas compression process. In this process, surrounding continue to do work to a gas, which causes the temperature to rise back to high temperature attain in the first process. 

Lenoir cycle PV and TS Diagram

The thermal efficiency of Lenoir cycle : 

Thermodynamically, the efficiency of Lenoir cycle is given by

ŋ_Lenoir = Work done by the system / Heat supplied to the system

CAM full form

What is the full form of CAM?

Answer: 

• Computer-Aided Manufacturing

What does CAM mean?

CAM is computer-controlled machinery to automate the manufacturing process. 

CAM uses CAD software created models and assemblies to generate tool paths that drive machine tools to turn a design into the physical parts.


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VMC full form

What is the full form of VMC?

Answer : 

• Vertical Milling Center

What does VMC mean?

VMC is a specific type of milling machine which is controlled by CNC. The cutting head of this type of machine is vertical where a spindle runs in a vertical axis known as the z-axis. 


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Concept of production

Production is the transformation of inputs into output where inputs are used in many ways such as land, labour, capital, raw material etc. 

Production concept emphasis on low production costs, and high production efficiency and mass production simply said a large amount of the cheapest goods. 

The function of production :

The function of production is the technological relationship between inputs and output in physical terms. An algebraic expression for production is Q = f (K, L)

Where Q = The quantity of output produced per unit time
K = Capital 
L = Labour 

Characteristics of the production system : 

• The production system has its own objective.
• The system transforms the various inputs to the useful output.
• Does not operate in isolation from the other organization system. 
• There exists a procedure which controls and improve system performance. 

Types of production : 

• Continuous production 
• Batch production 
• Mass production 
• Job-shop production 

Definition of production

Production is the method of turning raw materials or inputs into finished goods or products means the creation of something from basic inputs. Production is the process of transformation because it is done to satisfy human wants. The process of transformation is done in the following ways. 

1. Disintegration: One input is used to produce many types of output. 
2. Integration or Assembly: Many inputs are used to produce only one output. 
3. Service: Value of the product is increased by providing services. 

CNC full form

What is the full form of CNC?

Answer

• Computerized Numerical Control

What does CNC mean?

CNC uses Computer-Aided Design Software (CAD) to produced design converts the design into numbers. The numbers can be considered to be the coordinate of the graph and it controls the movement of the cutter. 


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Difference between CNC and VMC

CNC full form is Computer Numerical Control while VMC full form is Vertical Machining Center. CNC is a machine and VMC is just part of the machine. Now, let us have a deep insight into the comparison and difference between CNC and VMC. 

Difference between CNC and VMC :

• CNC having two axis x and z whereas VMC having three-axis x,y, and z. 
• We have to change the tool for different operations in CNC while an automatic change of tool is done in VMC. The tool changing process is done by a turret index in CNC whereas by ATC arm in the case of VMC. 
• CNC most often used for cutting metal whereas VMC is very expensive and at the same time are very precise. 
• CNC mainly used for turning inner and outer diameter whereas VMC mainly used for milling end and milling face. 
• Geometry offset in CNC is z and x-axis and only z-axis is for VMC. 
• The tool is rotated in VMC whereas not in the case of CNC. 
• In CNC, a turret is worked as a tool holding and supporting device while Magzine is used for tool holding and a Spindle is used as a tool supporting device in VMC.

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1. Difference between NC and CNC
2. Difference between CNC and DNC

Advantages and disadvantages of continuous variable transmission

Continuous variable transmission differs from automated manual transmission, which can seamlessly change through an infinite number of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values. It is a clutchless gearbox but in some applications, a centrifugal clutch is added to ease neutral stance. It consists of a belt that rotates and slides between two tapered drums as you accelerate the vehicle, The belt begins to rotate on the drums and, at the same time, to slide on the drums from one side to the other. This decides the drive to a driven ratio of torque which further varies the speed of the vehicle. It delivers a constant acceleration from a complete stop to cruising speed with the ability provide to set the operating point, an engine can be run to provide the maximum fuel efficiency. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of continuous variable transmission (CVT) in this article. 

Advantages of continuous variable transmission : 

• Vehicle weight is reduced. 
• To provide smooth operation. 
• The efficiency of the engine is increased since there is no repetitive engagement and disengagement of the power from the engine. 
• To provide quick acceleration. 

Disadvantages of continuous variable transmission : 

• This transmission may affect the performance and life of the belt since there is an initial slip in the transmission belt. 
• There will be a speed limit. 
• The cost of CVT is high as compared with AMT is the reason why car makers are not putting in entry-level hatchbacks and small cars. 
• The cost of the transmission belt is high. 

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1. Automatic transmission system - Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Automated manual transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Dual-clutch transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and disadvantages of automated manual transmission

The automated manual transmission is also known as a semi-automatic transmission is not fully automatic or clutch-less transmission. This type of transmission mechanism involves the use of two key parts such as a hydraulic actuator system and an electronic control unit that engages and disengages the clutch while executing gear shifts. It is just the same as a kit that can be added to any regular manual transmission thus car makers use it on some low-cost cars because this type of transmission is very cost-effective and is relatively cheaper than the other auto transmission. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of an automated manual transmission. 

Advantages of automated manual transmission : 

• Low maintenance.
• Great mileage.
• Fuel efficiency is close to their similar cars.
• Cheaper than a conventional fully automatic gearbox.

Disadvantages of automated manual transmission : 

• It is not best while driving on hills or on a slope. 
• No smoothness like an automatic car. 
• Jerky shifts if you drive aggressively.
• Who wants a pure automatic car experience, not for enthusiasts. 

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1. Continuous variable transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Dual-clutch transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Automatic transmission system - Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and disadvantages of dual clutch transmission

A dual-clutch transmission works on a similar principle of an automated manual transmission but this transmission uses two clutches instead of one. They are used for odd and even gear sets that makes it more efficient gearbox contained into one single housing. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons provided by dual-clutch transmission.  

Advantages of dual-clutch transmission :

• Provide smooth acceleration by preventing changes in torque or gear shifts.
• The fuel economy improved by up to 10%.
• It can handle the high torque demands of high-performance cars. 
• Switch gears far faster than others. 
• Drivers can tell computers when to take action with the help of paddles or gearshift even with automatic engagement and disengagement of the clutch. 

 Disadvantages of dual-clutch transmission : 

• Fuel efficiency is lower. 
• Not as reliable as wear and tear are more in this type of transmission. 
• Complexity is more. 

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1. Automatic transmission system - Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Automated manual transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Continuous variable transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and disadvantages of fluid clutch

What is the fluid clutch?

The fluid clutch power transmission is happened by means of hydraulic pressure. 

Advantages of fluid clutch : 

• Extremely smooth start and stop.
• Ability to absorb shocks. 

Disadvantages of fluid clutch : 

• There is always chances of slip.
• The fluid used should be compatible with the clutch material.

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1. Electromagnetic clutch - Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic clutch

What is the electromagnetic clutch?

The electromagnetic clutch power transmission is achieved by means of an electromagnetic field. There are three types of clutch such as magnetic hysteresis clutch, eddy current clutch, and magnetic particle clutch. 

Advantages of electromagnetic clutch : 

• Easy to control. 
• Rapid response time.
• Start and stop are smooth.
• Less wear and tear at the contact point. 
• Mostly used to achieve automatic transmission.
• No linkage is required to operate the clutch. 

Disadvantages of electromagnetic clutch : 

• High initial cost.
• Not suitable for high temperature.
• During engagement risk of overheating.
• A periodic check should be done for coil brushes. 

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1. Fluid clutch - Advantages and Disadvantages 

Advantages and disadvantages of TIG welding

TIG welding process using a non-consumable electrode that contains 1 to 2 % thoria mix along with the core tungsten or tungsten with 0.15 to 0.40 % zirconia. The pure tungsten electrodes are less expensive but also carry less current but thoriated tungsten electrode carries high current and more desirable because they can strike and maintain a stable at with relative ease. Tungsten inert gas welding offers several advantages that account for its popularity and its use in agriculture and many other industries. Let us have a deep insight into the advantages of TIG welding in this article. 

Advantages of TIG welding:

• It produces high quality and clean welds.
• No slag is produced so welds are not weakened.
• The weld is automatically protected by the inert gas during the welding process so welds are corrosion resistant, more ductile, and stronger.
• This process can apply to any position of welding likewise horizontal, vertical or flat.
• It can be performed by both automatic and manual technique.
• It easily applied to the thin material and used for a wide range of metal thickness.
• There is less distortion of the workpiece because of the small heat-affected zone.
• Only the necessary amount of filler metal is added to the welding puddle so there is no spatter or sparks are produced.
• Use one shielding gas mainly Argon for all applications.
• In this process finishing process required little or less sometimes grinding or preparation before it can be painted.
• It is the preferred choice in most intricate works, where the shape of each and every weld joint counts.

Disadvantages of TIG welding: 

• It is a slow process.
• A more complicated process so that highly skilled labour is required.
• Less economical than consumable electrode for sections thicker than 3/8 inch.
• Tungsten inclusion.
• A welder is exposed to the huge intensities of light.
• This process is also more expensive.
• Sensitive to drafts.

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1. Difference between MIG and TIG welding

Advantages and disadvantages of permanent mould casting

Permanent mould casting is a process that makes use of a reusable metal mould made from metal. This process involves pouring molten metal into a mould where cools and solidifies after that mould is opened, casting is removed and mould is reused. Let us have a deep insight into the advantages and disadvantages provided by using this casting process. 

Advantages of permanent mould casting : 

• Close dimensional tolerance can be obtained. 
• This process is economical for large scale production as the labour involved in the mould preparation is reduced. 
• Produce a very good surface finish of the order of 4 microns.
• Better appearance.
• This process produces a fine-grained casting with superior mechanical properties because of the metallic mould used.
• Small cored holes may be produced as compared to sand casting.
• Inserts can be readily cast in place. 
• Increases repeatability of casting.
• A finer grain structure can be obtained.
• High volume production runs.
• Less expensive than investment and die casting.

Disadvantages of permanent mould casting :

• Only non-ferrous metals may be cast by this process.
• Less competitive with sand casting when three or more sand cores are required. 
• Higher tooling cost.
• The complicated shape can not be produced. 
• Only suitable for large scale production. 

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1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shell mould casting
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Investment casting
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Sand casting
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Die casting
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Centrifugal casting

Advantages and disadvantages of CNG

CNG stated as compressed natural gas is a fuel used in place of petrol, and diesel fuel It produces fewer undesirable gases in the combustion process than petrol and diesel. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of CNG in this article. 

Advantages of CNG: 

• Less Harmful than coal or oil and environmentally friendly.
• Easy storage and transport because natural gas stored and transported through pipelines, small storage units, cylinders or tankers on land and sea.
• The vehicles operating on CNG has lower maintenance costs as compared to hydrocarbon fuel-powered vehicles so reduced fuel cost.
• CNG gives a better life to lubricating oils, as it does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil.
• It produces less pollution in the form of CO2, CO, NOx and SOx as compared to petrol.
• It is lighter than air and tends to dissipate when there is a leakage unlike Propane, which is heavier than air, collects into explosive pockets.
• Using CNG makes the engine cleaner and more efficient.
• Reduced maintenance cost.
• CNG has higher octane levels averaging over 120 octane.
• CNG is abundant in the U.S The country has extensive natural gas resources and a well-established network of pipelines. 
• Switching to CNG can help ease the country's dependence to foreign oil.

Disadvantages of CNG:

• Reduced power for the same engine capacity.
• CNG filling stations are very limited.
• The performance of the car is reduced significantly. 
• Acceleration is slower so you may have to rev the engine more to get going.
• The burning of natural gas also releases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other carbon components which are greenhouse gases that cause global warming.
• Provide less mileage than gasoline.
• Leaks of natural gas are dangerous they may cause explosions or fire. the main danger is that the odourless and leaks cannot be detached unless some odorant has been added to the gas.
• Conversion kits tend to come with a high cost typically it would only make financial sense to convert a late model vehicle to CNG because of the conversion cost.
• Storage space is a very big issue because CNG tanks are large in size so boot space is reduced.
• Cars with CNG kits should always be started on petrol and run for a few kilometres before being switched to the green fuel. This warms up the engine better and gets the motor well lubricated. This cause the injectors to crust and get blocked.
• Non-renewable energy source.
• Natural gas is a source of violence and terrorism.
• Natural gas emits some quantities of greenhouse gas.

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1. Difference between LPG and CNG

Advantages and disadvantages of fuel injection system

Fuel-injection system is the most vital component in the working of CI engines. The injection system has to perform the important duty of initiating and controlling the combustion process. The injection system main purpose is to the preparation of the combustible charge and is the same as carburetion. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of the fuel injection system. 

Advantages of fuel injection system :

• Setup is simple for a fuel injection system.
• The use of different sensors for detection of various changes such as altitude, throttle position, weather condition would correct the amount of fuel to be delivered to the cylinders.  This maximizes the economy and engine's power.
• Easier to start especially during the harsh winter season.
• Precise, constant and accurate supplication of fuel to the engine.
• Accurate throttle response and tuning options.
• No requirement of adjusting them in accordance with situations.
• Saves undue fuel consumption.  
• Fuel burns efficiently because it becomes atomized as it passes through the cylinder.
• No need for frequent tune-ups in the use of a fuel injection system.
• Ability to run higher compression ratios when the fuel is injected. 
• The vehicle picks up will be good and fast.

Disadvantages of a fuel injection system :

• With the use of an electronic fuel injector, you cannot use leaded gas.
• This system usually has a shortened life unlike with carburettors.
• The fuel injection system is a lot more expensive than a carburettor upgrade.
• Repairing fuel injectors is not easy as compared with carburettors.
• The Air fuel ratio and mix of that will be excellent in a carburettor than a direct Injection system.
• There may be more unburnt hydrocarbon.
• The air-fuel ratio and mix of that will be excellent in a carburettor than a direct Injection system.
• There may be more unburnt hydrocarbon.
• Servicing the fuel injector unit is cumbersome.
• If there is an ECU failure, the bike will seize to work.
• Procuring new fuel maps is a costly affair.
• The need for fuel return lines to the tank in use, or a separate header tank.
• Possible vapour lock in the steel fuel lines above the engine, making it difficult to start a hot engine.

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1. Types of a fuel injection system

Advantages and disadvantages of disc brakes

A disc brake is a type of brake that uses callipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc to create friction that slows the rotation of a shaft, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. One of the biggest advantages is that it can generate and transfer greater amounts of heat to the atmosphere because most of the friction area of a rotor is exposed to air so cooling is faster than drum brake makes them better suited for high-performance driving or heavy-duty vehicles. Let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons of disc brakes to know more about it. 

Advantages of disc brakes :

• Disc brakes require less effort to stop the vehicle.
• It generates less heat.
• The disk brake is simple to install and service.
• The disk brake is easy to control.
• Disk brake can never become self-locking.
• Disk brake has high torque transmitting capacity in a small volume.
• In the disk brake, the braking torque is linearly proportional to the actuating force.
• The disk brake is equally effective for both directions of rotation of the disk.
• Disc brakes will keep working after you bent your rim.
• Disc brake doesn't wear down the rims.
• Disc brakes are that the wheels must be built strongly and they must be able to take high torque stresses between the rim and the hub.
• It is less likely to skid in wet condition. 
• Disc brakes increase the aesthetic value of your bike. 

Disadvantages of disc brakes : 

• A disc brake is much more prone to noise so timely service required. 
• The rotors wrap easier than the drum brake system. 
• Disc brakes are not self-energizing thus need higher clamping forces, which requires a power booster. 
• Expensive as compared to a drum brake. 
• Too many components used in this brake so increases weight. 

Explore more information: 

1. Difference between a drum and disc brakes
2. Types of brakes
3. Mechanical Vs Hydraulic disc brakes

Advantages and disadvantages of automatic transmission system

The automatic transmission also referred to as full auto gearbox is a completely automated gearbox that self-changes gear ratios as the vehicle moves. It uses three main components such as fluid or hydraulic coupling, planetary gear train and hydraulic controls. A fluid coupling did a quite similar job that what a clutch does in a manual gearbox, which changes gear by locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears that provide the various gear ratios. Hydraulic control acts quite similar to fluid coupling but it is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear and controls the clutches depending on the speed of vehicle running condition. Now let us have a deep insight into the pros and cons gives by the automatic transmission system.

Advantages of automatic transmission system : 

• This system gives great driving pleasure. 
• The reduced effort of the driver and more features available to the driver to handle the car. 
• Better for hilly areas. 
• Greatly reduced the risk of stalling.
• Easier to use especially in heavy traffic. 
• Accurate and effortless shifting of gears.
• No clutch replacement cost. 
• To help accelerate quickly. 

Disadvantages of automatic transmissions system : 

• Expensive gearbox thus not equipped with low car price and the initial cost is high.
• A fully automatic gearbox means complexity. 
• Less fuel-efficient because of a lack of control on the torque converter. 
• Maintainance is costly. 
• The additional gear train is required for the reverse condition.  
• Fuel consumption is also higher than a manual transmission. Automatic transmission consumes 10% more than a manual transmission. 
• Take a longer time to change gear between high and low.
• Compromise with the mileage.
• Mechanical efficiency is less.
• Limited torque capacity.
• It may not be best suited for off-road driving.
• Transmission fluid must be transferred every 50,000 km on average.

Explore more information: 

1. Automated manual transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Dual-clutch transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Continuous variable transmission - Advantages and Disadvantages