Components of CRDI

CRDI is a modern fuel system and advanced technology used in an automobile. Let us know about the composition of that are listed below :

Pressure supply pump : 

The electric fuel pump comprises: 

• Electric Moter 
• Roller-Cell Pump 
• Non-Return Valve
• Rail-pressure sensor  (RDS)
• Injector

High-pressure pump : 

• The pump plunger moves downward
• The inlet valve open
• The fuel is drawn into the  pumping element chamber(suction stroke)
• At BDC, the inlet valve closes
• The fuel in the chamber can be compressed by the upward moving plunger.
• High- pressure accumulator (Rail).

Pressure-control valve (DRV) :

• Responsible for maintaining the pressure in the rail at a constant level.

ECU with Sensors :  

• Common Rail is an EDC controlled injection system
• The ECU controls & monitors the complete injection process
• The sensors deliver all the measured values which are required in the process

Rail-pressure sensor(RDS) :

• Measures the pressure in the rail
• Inputs the information to the ECU.

LPG properties

The various properties of LPG are listed below. we can check it one by one. 

Properties of LPG: 

• It is a mixture of gases, mainly constituting Propane and Butane.
• It has a simple structure in chemical terms.
• It is one of the cleanest of all alternative fuels.
• It is a liquid under normal pressure in ambient conditions, usually, it is found to be gaseous form.
• Vaporous form in LPG is two times heavier than air and it is half of the same volume of water.
• Density of liquid LPG is 0.55 gm/ cm.cube.
• LPG boiling point is -42°C or-44°F.
• LPG freeing point is -188°C or -306.4°F.
• LPG heating value is 11920 to 11997 kcal/kg.
• LPG Flashpoint is -76 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Ignition temperature of LPG is 410 to 580 degree Celsius.
• LPG maximum flame temperature in oxygen is 2830 degree cent. 
• LPG maximum flame temperature in the air is 2000 degree cent.
• The gross calorific value of LPG is 11400 Kcal/kg.
• It is almost colourless and odourless.
• Ethyl Mercaptan is normally used as a stenching agent for an odorant purpose helps to know about LPG leaks.
• LPG vapours are tasteless and non-toxic.
• LPG is also caused suffocation in some closed condition.
• LPG is mildly anaesthetic and can be harmful so LPG has never been used or considered safe enough for medicinal purposes.

LPG heating value

Gross heating and Net heating value for LPG :

Gross heating value in kcal/kg - 11920

Net heating value in kcal/kg - 11997

Gross heating value in kcal/nm³ -  28000

Net heating value in kcal/nm³ -  25775

What is melting point

Melting Point :

The temperature at which a given solid will melt is called the melting point.

The melting point is also called Liquefaction point. 

The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. 

In theory, the melting point of a solid should be the same as the freezing point of the liquid.

At the melting point, the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium.

What is freezing point

Freezing point :

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when it is cooled is called freeing point.

In other word, Liquids have a characteristic temperature at which they turn into solids, known as their freezing point.

Freezing point is also called the crystallization point.

LPG Freezing point

What is the freezing point of LPG?

The freezing point of LPG is -188°C or -306.4°F

LPG freeze or melt at -188°C or -306.4°F and becoming ice.

LPG freezes at a much lower temperature.

Thermodynamics definition

Definition 

• What is the boiling point
• What is the freezing point 
• What is the melting point 
• What is enthalpy
• What is entropy
• What is absolute entropy

LPG boiling point

What is the boiling point of LPG?

The Boiling point of LPG is -42°C or-44°F

LPG boils at -42°C or -44°F and becoming gas vapor.  

LPG stays in a liquid state because it is under pressure in a gas cylinder. 

As a liquid, LPG looks a lot like water.

LPG is colorless and odorless in its natural state. 

The boiling point of LPG depends on what proportions are Butane and Propane present in the mixture.

What is boiling point

Boiling point :

The temperature at which the liquid boils and turns to vapour is called the boiling point.

In other word, the boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid.

When a liquid is heated, it eventually reaches a temperature at which the vapour pressure is large enough that bubbles form inside the body of the liquid. This temperature is called the boiling point.

The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure.

For any liquid boiling point is high in high pressure than its atmospheric pressure.

For a given pressure, different liquids boil at different temperatures. 

For example, water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) altitude.

LPG acronyms | Abbreviations

There are many acronyms for each and every full form. Let us know some of the acronyms of LPG. You can also check out the advantages and disadvantages of LPG to know more about it. 

List of Acronym of LPG: 

LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LPG - Low Price Guarantee

LPG - Liquid Propane Gas

LPG - Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft ( East German Farmers Collective )

LPG - Low-Pressure Gas

LPG - Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization

LPG - Long Period Grating ( Sensor )

LPG - Licensed Professional Geologist 

LPG - Land and Property Gazetteer

LPG - Local Peer Group

LPG - Lesson Planning Guide

LPG - London Possible Group

LPG - Lowest Possible Gear

LPG - Lincoln Park Gardens

LPG - Light Particle Gun

Care for drilling machine

For the long life of drilling machine care of drilling machine must be required. Following points should be required to take care of the drilling machine while performing the drilling process.

• Lubrication is important because of the heat and friction generated by the moving parts. For lubrication follow the manufacturer’s manual for proper lubrication methods. 
• Clean each machine after use. 
• Clean T-slots, grooves and dirt from belts and pulleys. 
• Remove chips after drilling to avoid damage to moving parts. 
• Wipe all spindles and sleeves free of grit to avoid damaging the precision fit. 
• Put oil on all unpainted surfaces to prevent rust. 
• Operate all machines with care to avoid overworking the electric motor.

Special Care :

Operations under adverse conditions require special care. 

If machines are operated under extremely dusty conditions. Operate at the slowest speeds to avoid rapid abrasive wear on the moving parts and lubricate the machines more often. Under extreme cold conditions, start the machines at a slow speed and allow the parts and lubricants to warm up before increasing the speeds. 

Metal becomes very brittle in extreme cold. so do not strike the machines with hard tools. Extreme heat may cause the motor to overheat. or keep on and off the operations to keep the motor running cool.

Drilling machine safety

Drilling machines are one of the more dangerous hand-operated machines so we have to take care before the accident is necessary. Safety procedures during drilling operations will help eliminate accidents, loss of time, and materials.

It is necessary that no damage is done to the operator, the machine tool and the cutting tool. To ensure this, the following points are to be remembered :

• The work should not be held by hand use a holding device to hold the workpiece. 
• Use proper work holding device to hold the work because in drilling machine work tend to rotate along with the drill so it cause damage to the operator.
• Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating. 
• The shank of the drill should be cleaned before it is fitted this will leads to the breakage of a drill.
• Use a brush to clean away chips, not by your hand.
• Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools. 
• Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation.
• Never place any tools on the drilling tables. 
• Care should be taken to ensure whether the belt and gears are connected properly.
• Keep all guards in place while operating. 
• Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work to avoid damaged tools or workplaces.
• Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating. 
• Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machines.

Explore more information: 

1. What is the drilling process?

How to use drilling machine?

A drilling machine is a piece of equipment specifically designed to cut holes in metal, wood, plastic or other materials.

A drilling machine is very useful for many projects because they are more stable and reliable than power drills.

Before using of drilling machine some points keep in mind. points are below :

• Selecting a drill bit for a drilling machine
• Setting a speed on a drilling machine
• Adjust the height of the table on the drilling machine
• Adjust the depth of the desired hole
• Secure the material
• Wear proper safety gear

After that turn on the machine using the on/off switch, then rotate the control handle to lower the drill bit into the workpiece. 

Slowly advance the spindle downward to drill the hole. 

If the hole is greater than four times the width of the drill bit, it is advisable to briefly pull the drill bit clear of the workpiece. and if the hole is smaller take care while first time pulls the drill bit.

This allows excess shavings and chips to escape before proceeding then return the spindle to the starting position and turn the power off.

Drilling machine operation

The operation of drilling consists of producing a hole in an object by forcing a rotating drill against it. A hole in an object by forcing a rotating drill against it.

Drilling machine has done various operation following below :

1. Drilling 
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counter boring
5. Countersinking
6. Spot facing
7. Tapping
8. Trepanning

• Drilling :

Drilling is an operation of producing a circular hole in solid metal by rotating the drill and feeding it through the job.

Before starting the drilling it is necessary to mark the position of the hole on the workpiece.

• Reaming :

Reaming is an operation of sizing and shaping a hole using a tool called reamer.

Reamer is a multitoothed tool designed for a remove relatively small amount of material from a previously drilling hole.

Initially, the hole is drilled slightly smaller in size.

• Boring :

Boring of a process of aligning, sizing and finishing a cylindrical hole.

In boring single point cutting tool which rotates relative to the stationary workpiece.

Boring is often used to enlarge the drilling holes.

• Counter boring :

Counter boring is the operation of enlarging one of an existing hole concentric with the original hole with a square bottom.

A counter tool is known as counterbore it has a pilot.

The pilot enters the previously drilled holes and aligns the tool so that the counterbored hole is concentric with the existing one.

• Countersinking :

Countersinking is performed after the drilling to provide a space for the head of the fastener, such as a screw, to sit flush with the workpiece surface.

A countersink tool enlarges the top portion of an existing hole to a cone-shaped opening.

Common included angle for a countersink tool is 60 82 90 100 118 200 degrees.  

• Spot facing :

Spot facing is the process of producing a flat machined surface generally around a hole perpendicular to the hole axis.

The flat surface allows the bottom of a screw or bolt to seat squarely with the material.

Spot facing is commonly done on castings where the irregular surface is found.

• Tapping :

Tapping is a thread cutting for producing internal thread.

Tapping uses multi-point cutting tool called taps may be done manually or on drilling machine.

• Trepanning :

Trepanning is the process for making large holes in sheet metal.

A small diameter hole is drilled in center for drilling large diameter hole.

Holes up to diameter of 350 mm can be cut by this operation.

What is G code

G code is simply a language used to tell machine.
G code has many variants, but it is the common name for the most widely used Numeric Control (NC) programming language.
G code is mainly used in computer-aided manufacturing for controlling automated machine tools.
In a modern-day desktop CNC machine and software, you will never have to enter G-code manually, unless you want to. 
The CAD/CAM software and the machine controller will take care of all of this for you. 

Now let we know some most common programming code with example and how its use and how it work?

G0 - Rapid motion 

Code for a figure - G0 X7 Y18

The G0 command moves the machine at maximum travel speed to whatever coordinates follow G0. 
The machine will move in a coordinated fashion, and both axes complete their travel at the same time. G0 is not used for cutting. Instead, it’s used to move the machine quickly to begin a job or move to another operation within the same job. 

G1 - Controlled motion

Code for a figure - G1 X7 Y18 F500

A G1 command is similar to G0.
G1 tells the machine to move at a specified rate called the feed rate (F).

G2 - Clockwise motion 

Code for a figure - G21 G90 G17

                         G0 X0 Y12

                                      G2 X12 Y0 I0 J-12

G2 is used for specifying the offset from the centre creates clockwise motion between the starting point and specified ending point.

Another figure for G2

G3 - Counterclockwise motion

Code for a figure - G21 G90 G17

                         G0 X-5 Y25

                                     G3 X-25 Y5 I0 J-20

Just like G2, the G3 command creates an arc between two points. Whereas G2 specifies clockwise motion, G3 specifies counterclockwise motion between the points as shown in the figure. 

G17/G18/G19 - Working Planes

These codes are used to set the plane to be machined. 

Typically G17 is used and is the default for most hobby machines, but two other planes can be used in a three-axis machine:

• G17 = x/y plane
• G18 = z/x plane
• G19 = y/z plane

G20/21 - Inches or Millimeters

The G21 and G20 commands used for units, either inches or millimetres.

• G21 = millimeters
• G20 = inches

Here’s an example that’s set to inches:

G21 G17 G90

G28 - Referencing Home

A simple G28 command sends the machine to its home position. 
Code - G28 Z0

G90 - Absolute Mode

G90 causes units to be interpreted as absolute coordinates. 

This is the most common mode for hobby-grade CNC machines; it’s the default mode.
Absolute coordinates will be interpreted as exactly that absolute. 

If we write code G0 X10 will send the machine to x = 10. It will not send the x-axis to “10 more” units from where it’s currently located.

G91 - Incremental Mode

G91 is the opposite mode of G90. 

Setting an incremental mode means that every command issued will move your machine the specified number of units from its current point not like that in G90 likes from x-axis only.

For example, in incremental mode, G1 X1 will advance the machine 1 unit in the x-direction, regardless of its current location.

G code and M code list

In CNC machining G code and M code are used for control machining that language known as a numeric control programming language. There is some difference between the G code and M code. We can see a list of G code and M code below.

What is the G code?

G code is a type of function used in numeric control programming language for CNC machine.

G code contains the information to position a tool to do the actual work.
G code is a way for you to tell the machine to move to various points at the desired speed, control the spindle speed, turn on and off various coolants, and all sorts of other things.

CNC G codes

G00 - Positioning at rapid speed; Mill and Lathe
G01 - Linear interpolation (machining a straight line) Mill and Lathe
G02 - Circular interpolation clockwise (machining arcs) Mill and Lathe
G03 - Circular interpolation, counter-clockwise; Mill and Lathe
G04 - Mill and Lathe, Dwell
G09 - Mill and Lathe, Exact stop
G10 - Setting offsets in the program; Mill and Lathe
G12 - Circular pocket milling, clockwise; Mill
G13 - Circular pocket milling, counterclockwise; Mill
G17 - X-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G18 - Z-X plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G19 - Z-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G20 - Inch units; Mill and Lathe
G21 - Metric units; Mill and Lathe
G27 - Reference return check; Mill and Lathe
G28 - Automatic return through reference point; Mill and Lathe
G29 - Move to location through reference point; Mill and Lathe (slightly different for each machine)
G31 - Skip function; Mill and Lathe
G32 - Thread cutting; Lathe
G33 - Thread cutting; Mill
G40 - Cancel diameter offset; Mill. Cancel tool nose offset; Lathe
G41 - Cutter compensation left; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation left; Lathe
G42 - Cutter compensation right; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation right; Lathe
G43 - Tool length compensation; Mill
G44 - Tool length compensation cancel; Mill (sometimes G49)
G50 - Set coordinate system and maximum RPM; Lathe
G52 - Local coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G53 - Machine coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G54~G59 - Workpiece coordinate system settings #1 t0 #6; Mill and Lathe
G61 - Exact stop check; Mill and Lathe
G65 - Custom macro call; Mill and Lathe
G70 - Finish cycle; Lathe
G71 - Rough turning cycle; Lathe
G72 - Rough facing cycle; Lathe
G73 - Irregular rough turning cycle; Lathe
G73 - Chip break drilling cycle; Mill
G74 - Left-hand tapping; Mill
G74 - Face grooving or chip break drilling; Lathe
G75 - OD groove pecking; Lathe
G76 - Fine boring cycle; Mill
G76 - Threading cycle; Lathe
G80 - Cancel cycles; Mill and Lathe
G81 - Drill cycle; Mill and Lathe
G82 - Drill cycle with dwell; Mill
G83 - Peck drilling cycle; Mill
G84 - Tapping cycle; Mill and Lathe
G85 - Bore in, bore out; Mill and Lathe
G86 - Bore in, rapid out; Mill and Lathe
G87 - Back boring cycle; Mill
G90 - Absolute programming
G91 - Incremental programming
G92 - Reposition origin point; Mill
G92 - Thread cutting cycle; Lathe
G94 - Per minute feed; Mill
G95 - Per revolution feed; Mill
G96 - Constant surface speed control; Lathe
G97 - Constant surface speed cancel
G98 - Per minute feed; Lathe
G99 - Per revolution feed; Lathe

What is the M code?

M code is an auxiliary program command.

M code contains the information to coolant OFF/ON like operating the various machining parts like door, coolant, spindle etc.

CNC M Codes

M00 - Program stop; Mill and Lathe
M01 - Optional program stop; Lathe and Mill
M02 - Program end; Lathe and Mill
M03 - Spindle on clockwise; Lathe and Mill
M04 - Spindle on counterclockwise; Lathe and Mill
M05 - Spindle off; Lathe and Mill
M06 - Tool change; Mill
M08 - Coolant on; Lathe and Mill
M09 - Coolant off; Lathe and Mill
M10 - Chuck or rotary table clamp; Lathe and Mill
M11 - Chuck or rotary table clamp off; Lathe and Mill
M19 - Orient spindle; Lathe and Mill
M30 - Program end, return to start; Lathe and Mill
M97 - Local sub-routine call; Lathe and Mill
M98 - Sub-program call; Lathe and Mill
M99 - End of subprogram; Lathe and Mill

Full form of ECU

What is full form of ECU ?

Answer :

• Electronic control unit

An engine control unit (ECU) is a type of electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal combustion engine to ensure optimal engine performance.

Will converting to LPG affect the engine performance?

Yes, LPG tends to down vehicle's performance by a small percentage. But not that much effect did on engine performance. We all know LPG has lower calorific value than petrol so LPG gives less potent as an internal combustion engine as a fuel.

On the other hand, LPG is less than half of the price than petrol and it has a high octane rating than petrol so it is more easily mixed with air. So that reason LPG is also much helpful in such case but after all, if you use LPG in your car as fuel your car maintenance increases and as time goes some part of the car will need frequent replacement.

What is LPG conversation

You know conversation of LPG that before should know first the full meaning of LPG and what does LPG stands for and other related information.

Converting your car to LPG will save you money. 
LPG is typically at least 50 per cent cheaper than other fuels, allowing you to recover the cost of an LPG installation in a relatively short time.
Almost all vehicles use petrol and diesel as a fuel they all are converted to LPG operation at a reasonable cost.
Dual fuel LPG systems allow a vehicle to operate on either LPG or petrol and it can double a vehicles' range.

Some facts about the conversation of LPG :

• Uses of LPG for running an engine is beneficial for cars.
• LPG is a cleaner-burning fuel than petrol.
• Engine oil and spark plug need changing less with use of LPG in cars, so service intervals can be increased.
• The time required to install an LPG system is varied.
• A typical family sedan car with a single boot-mounted tank should take only one to two days.
• A large four-wheel drive with multiple tanks might have work for two to three days.
• You should tell your insurance company of the vehicles for the conversation to LPG.
• Note that any vehicle with a compliance plate dated after December 2003 that is converted to run on LPG must be fitted with a system that has passed current emissions test standards.

When you bring your vehicle in for an LPG conversion and installation there is little that needs to be changed in the way of the car’s current structure but the following will be added 

• An LPG tank will be installed, either in the boot or under the car if there is enough clearance. 
• A convertor will be installed to convert the liquid gas into vapour.
• An air/fuel mixer or LPG injector will be installed to ensure the right mix of air and LPG is mixed to power the car.
• A fuel lock will be fitted to stop fuel flow to the engine, once it is shut off.

Types of LPG Conversion Systems :

• Converter-and-mixer systems are the oldest style, dating back decades and still widely used.

The liquid fuel is converted into vapour and then mixed with air before going into the intake manifold.

• Vapour phase injection (VPI) systems use a converter-and-mixer system, but the gas exits the converter under pressure and is injected into the intake manifold. 

Electrically controlled injectors improve the metering of fuel to the engine, fuel economy and power, as well as reducing emissions.
This has been the most popular type system in recent years.

• Liquid phase injection (LPI) systems inject liquid directly into the intake manifold, where it vaporises, not using a converter.

The fuel vaporising in the intake manifold cools and increases the density of the intake air, substantially increases power output, improves fuel economy and has lower emission, when compared to VPI systems.

• Liquid phase direct injection (LPDI) are the most advanced systems, injecting liquid LPG directly into the combustion chamber.

The LPG instantly vaporises, cooling the combustion chamber fuel-air mixture during the compression stroke, with further performance and emission improvements.

What are the uses of LPG?

LPG gas is a clean source of energy having a wide range of applications. Let us check out the uses of LPG in this article. Also, find out advantages and disadvantages of it to know more about it. 

Some highlighted points on uses of LPG are:

1. Cooking
2. Rural Heating
3. Motor fuel 
4. Refrigeration

Uses of LPG: 

• Cooking 

LPG is used in cooking. It doesn't produce smoke as compared to other ways of cooking. In this cooking process, the gas is stored in liquid form under pressure in the cylinder and then connected by using gas stove cooking is done.

• Rural Heating

LPG can be used as an excellent alternative form of rural heating like heating oil, electric heating, or kerosene.

• Motor fuel

By using LPG in motor reduces the transportation cost by consuming less fuel as compared to other sources like petrol and diesel.

By using this one more advantage is that LPG is environment-friendly gas.

• Refrigeration 

LPG is also used in the refrigeration system as a refrigerant. some times LPG is the replacement of hydrofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbons.