Work transfer in thermodynamics

A close system and its surroundings can interact in two ways :

• By work transfer 
• By heat transfer 

Both are those are called interactions and these bring about changes in the properties of the system. 

In thermodynamics mainly studies these energy interactions and the associated property changes of the system.

Work Transfer :

Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer. In mechanics, the action of a force on a moving body is called work. A force is a means of transmitting an effect from one body to another. An effect of that certain distance can be performed by a body. The product of force and distance is the same to accomplish the same effect. 

What is work?

The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.

The action of a force through a distance is called mechanical work. The product of the force and distance moved parallel to the force is the magnitude of mechanical work.

W = F * d

In thermodynamics, work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings.

Work is said to be done by a system if the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.

When work is done by a system, it is arbitrarily taken to be positive.

When work is done on a system, it is taken to be negative. 

The symbol used for work transfer is W.

The unit of work is N.m or Joule. 1 N.m = 1 Joule 

The rate at which work is done is called power.

There are various types of work transfer which can get involved between them. 

• pdV work
• Electrical work 
• Shaft work 
• Paddle-wheel work or Stirring work 
• Flow work 
• Work was done in stretching a wire
• Work was done in changing the area of a surface film
• The magnetization of a para-magnetic solid

TDI full form

What is the full form of TDI?

Answer :

• Turbocharged Direct Injection 

What does TDI mean?

It uses direct injection where a fuel injector sprays atomized fuel directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder and are also fitted with turbochargers to boost power output.

It is a very popular latest technology nowadays are used in many automobile companies like Tata Mahindra, Toyota, or Volkswagen.

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CRDI full form

What is the full form of CRDI?

Answer :

• Common Rail Direct Injection 

What does CRDI mean?

CRDI is the direct fuel injection system for petrol and diesel engine. 

Direct injection of the fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine via a single or common line called common rail which is connected with all fuel injectors.

The common rail system accumulates high-pressure fuel in the common rail so that the fuel to be atomized and injects the fuel into the cylinder at a timing controlled by the Electronic Control Unit alloying high-pressure injection independent from the engine speed. 


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Emissions norms in India

Emission norms are statutory requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Norms focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles and from industries and power plants. The pollutants in general that are regulated are NO_x, sulfur oxides, CO or volatile hydrocarbons.

In USA, emission standards are managed by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ).
The state of California has special dispensation to promulgate more stringent vehicle emissions standard.

The European Union has its own set of emissions standards that all new vehicles must meet. The European Union is to introduce Euro 4 effective from January 1, 2008. Euro 5 effective from January 1, 2010 and Euro 6 effective from January 1, 2014.

The first Indian emission regulations were ideal emission limits which became effective in 1989. Indian started adopting European Union norms and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. 

History of emissions norms in India :

• 1991 

Ideal CO Limits for Gasoline Vehicles and Free Acceleration Smoke for Diesel Vehicles, Mass Emission for Gasoline Vehicles.

• 1992 

Mass Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles.

• 1996 

Revision of Mass Emission Norms for Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles, mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for Cars in Metros on Unleaded Gasoline.

• 2000

India 2000 ( equivalent to Euro I ) Norms, Modified IDC ( Indian Driving Cycle ), Bharat Stage II Norms for Delhi.

• 2001 

Bharat Stage II ( equivalent to Euro II ) Norms for All Metros, Emission Norms for CNG and LPG vehicles.

• 2003

Bharat Stage II ( equivalent to Euro II ) Norms for 11 major cities.

• 2005 

From 1st April Bharat Stage III ( equivalent to Euro III ) Norms for 11 major cities.

• 2010 

Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage - IV ( equivalent to Euro IV ) for 11 major cities.

Disadvantages of liquid cooling system

The liquid cooling system takes away the excessive heat generated in the engine and saves it from overheating. It also keeps the engine at working temperature for efficient and economical working. Let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages provided by using this liquid cooling system. 

Disadvantages of a liquid cooling system :

• This is a dependent system in which water circulation in the jackets is to be ensured by additional means.
• Power absorbed by the pump is considered for water circulation and this affects the engine's power output.
• Cost of this system is considerably high.
• System requires considerable maintenance of its various parts.
• In the event of cooling system failure, serious damage to the engine may occur.

Advantages of liquid cooling system

The liquid cooling system takes away the excessive heat generated in the engine and saves it from overheating. It also keeps the engine at working temperature for efficient and economical working. Let us have a deep insight into the advantages provided by using this liquid cooling system. 

Advantages of the liquid cooling system :

• The compact design of engines with an appreciably smaller frontal area is possible.
• The fuel consumption of the high compression liquid-cooled engine is lower than that of the air-cooled engine.
• Because of even cooling of cylinder barrel and head due to jacketing makes it possible to reduce the cylinder head and valve seat temperature.
• Installation is not necessarily at the front of the mobile vehicles, aircraft as the cooling system can be conveniently located wherever required. This is not the case in the air-cooled engine.
• The size of engines does not involve serious problems as far as the design of a cooling system is concerned.
• In case of air-cooled engines particularly in high horsepower, range difficulty is encountered in the circulation of requisite quantity of air for cooling purposes.

Disadvantages of air cooling system

Air cooling system is carried out to the outer parts of the engine is radiated and driven away by the air stream obtained from the atmosphere. For efficient cooling fins are provided around the cylinder and cylinder head to increases the contact area. Air colling system mainly depends upon the following factors. 

• The total area of fin surface
• The velocity and amount of the cooling air
• The temperature of fins and of the cooling air 

Let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages provided by the air cooling system. 

Disadvantages of air cooling system : 

• It can be applied only to small and medium engines.
• Cooling is not uniform.
• In places where ambient temperatures are lower.
• Higher working temperatures compared to water-cooling.

Advantages of air cooling system

Air cooling system is carried out to the outer parts of the engine is radiated and driven away by the air stream obtained from the atmosphere. For efficient cooling fins are provided around the cylinder and cylinder head to increases the contact area. Air colling system mainly depends upon the following factors. 

• The total area of fin surface
• The velocity and amount of the cooling air
• The temperature of fins and of the cooling air 

Let us have a deep insight into the advantages provided by the air cooling system. 

Advantages of air cooling system : 

• The design of engines becomes simpler because no water jackets are required in this system.
• The cylinder can have identical dimensions and be individually detachable and therefore cheaper to renew in case of an accident.
• No danger of coolant leakage.
• Minimum maintenance problem because of the absence of cooling pipes and radiator.
• The engine is not subject to freezing trouble.
• The weight of the air-cooled engine is less than that of the water-cooled engine.
• Power to weight ratio is improved in this system.
• An engine is rather a self-contained unit as it requires no external components like radiator, header, tank etc.
• Installation of air-cooled engines is very easy.

Difference between annealing and normalizing

What is annealing?

The heat treatment process that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness and making it more reliable and workable is called annealing.

What is normalizing?

Normalizing is also heat treatment process that mainly considered for thermal and microstructure properties used to relieve internal stresses, refine the grain size and improve mechanical properties. 

Let us have a deep insight into the comparison between annealing vs normalizing. 

Basic Difference :

Annealing: It is the process of heating metal in a furnace above its. recrystallization temperature and allows it to cool inside the furnace. 

Normalizing: The process is similar to that of annealing, but after soaking stage the material is taken out from the furnace and allowed to cool in the atmosphere.

Definition :

  

Annealing: It is a method of heat treatment used to make metals ductile and less hard.

Normalizing: It is a type of annealing process which is only specific to ferrous alloys.

Cooling process :

Annealing: The metals can be cooled down after heating either by cooling them in the air or quenching them in water.

Normalizing: It is important that the cooling process takes place slowly in this process so that it is always cooled in air and not quenched in water.

Grain Size : 

Annealing: It is not crucial to achieving a uniform grain size during the process.

Normalizing: Obtaining a uniform grain size is important for the process.

The hardness of the final product : 

Annealing: The metals are made to be less hard and ductile after annealing.

Normalizing: The alloys remain harder after normalizing when compared to a full annealing process.

Purpose :

Annealing: To increase some of the properties like ductility, softness, toughness, fine grain size and machineability so this reduces the hardness. 

Normalizing: To increase machinability, hardness to attain fine grain size than attained during annealing less softness and ductility.

Process :

Annealing: Heating the steel to a defined temperature and cooling it in a conditioned atmosphere like in furnace. 

Normalizing: Heating the steel to the above austenitic range and cooling in air.

Internal Stresses : 

Annealing: Internal stresses are least.

Normalizing: Internal stresses are slightly more.

Pearlite design : 

Annealing: Pearlite is coarse.

Normalizing: Pearlite is fine.

Cost :

Annealing: More expensive as it uses ovens.

Normalizing: Less expensive than annealing.

SFC full form

What is the full form of SFC?

Answer :

• Specific fuel consumption

What does SFC mean?

It is an automobile term that is used to describe the fuel efficiency of an engine. 

It describes the efficiency of an engine also an important parameter to decide how good engine performance is?

SFC is inversely proportional to the thermal efficiency of the engine.


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What is SFC

In this article we will discuss about the SFC and their full form and some basic introduction about SFC with the use of example. Let we first know the full form.

Full form of SFC is specific fuel consumption.

Specific fuel consumption is describe efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output it expressed in terms of kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour.

It is important parameter that reflects how good the engine performance is.

It is inversely proportional to the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Specific fuel consumption of air-breathing jet engines at their maximum efficiency varies more or less inversely with speed.

which means that the fuel consumption per or per km can be a more appropriate comparison for aircraft that travel at very different speeds.

SFC = Fuel consumption per unit time / Power 

It also called as thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC)

SFC is dependent on engine design, but differences in the SFC between different engines using the same underlying technology tend to be quite small. 

SFC varies with throttle setting, altitude and climate.

What is creep

What is creep ?

Answer :

Creep is defined as slow and progressive deformation of the material with time under a constant stress.

Disadvantages of electronic fuel injection

Replacing carburettors with electronic fuel injection (EFI) for delivery of fuel on engines has numerous advantages. However, for each engine installation, achieving these benefits requires a comprehensive integration and calibration. The spark-ignition engine with an electronic fuel injection system compared with a carburettor unit have the following unfavourable points too. 

Disadvantages of electronic fuel injection : 

• High maintenance cost.
• Possibility of malfunction of some sensors.
• Difficulty in servicing.
• Complex design.
• Chances of developing leakage at the valve seat. 
• Injection pressure needed 200 to 300 bar. 

Advantages of electronic fuel injection

Replacing carburettors with electronic fuel injection (EFI) for delivery of fuel on engines has numerous advantages. However, for each engine installation, achieving these benefits requires a comprehensive integration and calibration. The spark-ignition engine with an electronic fuel injection system compared with a carburettor unit have the following favourable points. 

Advantages of electronic fuel injection system :

• Improvement in volumetric efficiency due to relatively less resistance in intake manifolds, resulting in less pressure loss.
• Manifold wetting is eliminated by injecting fuel near the cylinder.
• Automation of fuel is independent of cranking speed so the starting will be easier.
• Better atomization and vaporization will reduce the knock on the engine.
• It eliminates ice formation on the throttle plate.
• Position of the injection unit is not so critical so the height of the engine can be less.
• Distribution of fuel being independent of vaporization.
• Less volatile fuel can be used.
• Variation of air-fuel ratio is almost negligible.
• This system produces around 5% to 10% more power than a carburettor engine.
• This system will not only improves reliability but also reduces the amount of routine maintenance that is required.
• Excellent starting.
• Complete altitude compensation in full load or low load conditions even in cold weather condition there is one cold start injector too.

Electronic fuel injection system

In this article, we will check it out the electronic fuel injection system. There are different types of sensors uses in that system so we will check it out one by one.  

What is an electronic fuel injection system?

Nowadays modern gasoline injection systems use engine sensor, a computer and solenoid operated fuel injectors to meter and inject the right amount of fuel into the engine cylinders. These systems called electronic fuel injection system OR EFI. 
It can use electrical and electronic devices to monitor and control engine-operations.

An ECU full form is electronic control unit or the computer receives electrical signals in the form of current or voltage from various sensors then uses the stored data to operate the injectors, ignition system and other engine related devices. 
As a result, less unburned fuel leaves the engine as emissions, and the vehicle gives better performance. 

The different types of sensors used in electronic injection system are as follows :

• Exhaust gas or oxygen sensor :

This type of sensor senses the amount of oxygen in the engine exhaust and calculates the air-fuel ratio. 

The output voltage of sensor changes in proportion to the air-fuel ratio.

• Engine temperature sensor :

It senses the temperature of the engine coolant. By using this data the computer adjusts the mixture strength of rich side for cold starting.

• Air inlet temperature sensor :

This type of sensor checks the temperature of the ambient air entering the engine for fine-tuning the mixture strength.

• Airflow sensor :

This type of sensor monitors mass or volume of air flowing into the intake manifold for adjusting the quantity of fuel.

• Throttle position sensor :

This type of sensor used for senses the movement of the throttle plate which helps to adjust the mixture flow for engine speed and acceleration. 

• Manifold pressure sensor :

This type of sensor senses monitors vacuum in the engine intake manifold. So by using this mixture strength can be adjusted with changes in engine load.

• Camshaft position sensor :

This type of sensor senses the rotation of engine camshaft or crankshaft for speed and timing of injection.

• Knock sensor :

It is the microphone type sensor. 

It can detect ping or pre-ignition noise so that the ignition timing can be retarded.

Electronic fuel injection system working :

Fuel injection systems are comprised of a complex array of components that work together to supply fuel to the vehicle's engine and other controlled is done by ECU.

The fuel injector is an EFI is just a fuel valve. When it is not energized, spring pressure makes the injector to remain closed and no fuel will enter the engine till the computer sends the signal through the injector coil then fuel enter into the intake manifold.

The injector pulse width is an indication of the period for which each injector is energized and kept open. The computer decides and controls the injector pulse width based on the signals received from the different sensors.

Under full load conditions, the computer will sense a wide open throttle, high intake manifold pressure, and high inlet air flow. In this conditions the ECU will increase the injector pulse width to enrich the mixture which will enable the engine to produce high power.

Under low load conditions, the Electronic control unit will sens a narrow throttle and shorten the pulse width by which the injectors are kept in the closed position over a longer period of time so that the air-fuel mixture will become leaner and will result in better fuel economy.

For the cold weather conditions it has a cold start injector too. It serves the same purpose as the carburetor choke. This injector sprays fuel into the center of the engine intake manifold. 

Full form of CNG and LPG

What is the full form of CNG?

• Compressed Natural Gas

What is the full form of LPG?

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Methane compressed at a pressure of 200 to 248 bar is called CNG while a mixture of propane and butane liquified at 15 ⁰C and pressure at 1.7 to 7.5 bar is called LPG.

Both have different uses but mainly both are used in the automobile as fuel nowadays while CNG is more popular and safe than an LPG because LPG is a highly inflammable and non-renewable energy source.