Will converting to LPG affect the engine performance?

Yes, LPG tends to down vehicle's performance by a small percentage. But not that much effect did on engine performance. We all know LPG has lower calorific value than petrol so LPG gives less potent as an internal combustion engine as a fuel.

On the other hand, LPG is less than half of the price than petrol and it has a high octane rating than petrol so it is more easily mixed with air. So that reason LPG is also much helpful in such case but after all, if you use LPG in your car as fuel your car maintenance increases and as time goes some part of the car will need frequent replacement.

What is LPG conversation

You know conversation of LPG that before should know first the full meaning of LPG and what does LPG stands for and other related information.

Converting your car to LPG will save you money. 
LPG is typically at least 50 per cent cheaper than other fuels, allowing you to recover the cost of an LPG installation in a relatively short time.
Almost all vehicles use petrol and diesel as a fuel they all are converted to LPG operation at a reasonable cost.
Dual fuel LPG systems allow a vehicle to operate on either LPG or petrol and it can double a vehicles' range.

Some facts about the conversation of LPG :

• Uses of LPG for running an engine is beneficial for cars.
• LPG is a cleaner-burning fuel than petrol.
• Engine oil and spark plug need changing less with use of LPG in cars, so service intervals can be increased.
• The time required to install an LPG system is varied.
• A typical family sedan car with a single boot-mounted tank should take only one to two days.
• A large four-wheel drive with multiple tanks might have work for two to three days.
• You should tell your insurance company of the vehicles for the conversation to LPG.
• Note that any vehicle with a compliance plate dated after December 2003 that is converted to run on LPG must be fitted with a system that has passed current emissions test standards.

When you bring your vehicle in for an LPG conversion and installation there is little that needs to be changed in the way of the car’s current structure but the following will be added 

• An LPG tank will be installed, either in the boot or under the car if there is enough clearance. 
• A convertor will be installed to convert the liquid gas into vapour.
• An air/fuel mixer or LPG injector will be installed to ensure the right mix of air and LPG is mixed to power the car.
• A fuel lock will be fitted to stop fuel flow to the engine, once it is shut off.

Types of LPG Conversion Systems :

• Converter-and-mixer systems are the oldest style, dating back decades and still widely used.

The liquid fuel is converted into vapour and then mixed with air before going into the intake manifold.

• Vapour phase injection (VPI) systems use a converter-and-mixer system, but the gas exits the converter under pressure and is injected into the intake manifold. 

Electrically controlled injectors improve the metering of fuel to the engine, fuel economy and power, as well as reducing emissions.
This has been the most popular type system in recent years.

• Liquid phase injection (LPI) systems inject liquid directly into the intake manifold, where it vaporises, not using a converter.

The fuel vaporising in the intake manifold cools and increases the density of the intake air, substantially increases power output, improves fuel economy and has lower emission, when compared to VPI systems.

• Liquid phase direct injection (LPDI) are the most advanced systems, injecting liquid LPG directly into the combustion chamber.

The LPG instantly vaporises, cooling the combustion chamber fuel-air mixture during the compression stroke, with further performance and emission improvements.

What are the uses of LPG?

LPG gas is a clean source of energy having a wide range of applications. Let us check out the uses of LPG in this article. Also, find out advantages and disadvantages of it to know more about it. 

Some highlighted points on uses of LPG are:

1. Cooking
2. Rural Heating
3. Motor fuel 
4. Refrigeration

Uses of LPG: 

• Cooking 

LPG is used in cooking. It doesn't produce smoke as compared to other ways of cooking. In this cooking process, the gas is stored in liquid form under pressure in the cylinder and then connected by using gas stove cooking is done.

• Rural Heating

LPG can be used as an excellent alternative form of rural heating like heating oil, electric heating, or kerosene.

• Motor fuel

By using LPG in motor reduces the transportation cost by consuming less fuel as compared to other sources like petrol and diesel.

By using this one more advantage is that LPG is environment-friendly gas.

• Refrigeration 

LPG is also used in the refrigeration system as a refrigerant. some times LPG is the replacement of hydrofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbons.

Full form of LPG

What is the full form of LPG?

Answer :

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas

What does LPG mean?

It is a mixture of hydrocarbon and flammable mixture that used as fuel in the heating operation, automobile, rural heating, and refrigeration.

LPG gas is a clean source of energy so LPG is used in a wide range of applications.

It extracted from crude oil and natural gas so LPG is a non-renewable source of energy.

It is highly inflammable, so special care must be taken while using it.


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What is fuel injection system

Fuel injection system in a diesel engine : 

Fuel-injection system is most vital the component in the working of CI engines.

The injection system has to perform the important duty of initiating and controlling the combustion process.

Injection system main purpose is to the preparation of the combustible charge and is same as carburetion.The diesel fuel injection system consists of :

• Fuel injection pump - pressurises fuel to high pressure
• High-pressure pipe - sends fuel to the injection nozzle
• Injection nozzle - injects the fuel into the cylinder
• Feed pump – sucks fuel from the fuel tank
• Fuel filter - filtrates the fuel

Requirements of and injection system :

• Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle
• Timing the injection of the fuel  correctly
• To obtain maximum power, fuel economy and clean-burning
• Proper control of the rate of injection
• Proper atomization of fuel
• A rapid mixture of fuel and air
• Uniform distribution of fuel droplets 
• To supply equal quantities of fuel
• No lag during the beginning and end of injection

Classification of Injection system :

•  Air injection system 
• Solid injection system

Air injection system:

Fuel is forced into the cylinder by means of compressed air to very high pressure. 

The rate of fuel admit into the combustion chamber can be controlled by varying the pressure of air. 

The fuel is metered & pumped to the fuel valve by a camshaft is driven fuel pump. 

The fuel valve is opened by means of a mechanical linkage operated by the camshaft which controls the timing of injection. 

The fuel valve is also connected to a high-pressure airline fed by a multi-stage compressor which supplies air at a pressure of about 60 to 70 bar.

Solid injection system:

Fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber without primary atomization and is termed as solid injection. 

It is also termed a mechanical injection. 

Solid injection systems can be classified into four types: 

• Individual pump & injector
• Unit injector system
• Common rail system
• Distributor system

Fuel injection system in a petrol engine : 

Fuel-injection system is commonly used in CI engine.

In present gasoline injection system is also coming in SI engines because following the drawbacks of the carburetion.

• Non-uniform distribution of mixture in multi-cylinder engines.
• Loss of volumetric efficiency.

A gasoline injection system eliminates all these drawbacks.  

The injection of fuel into SI engine can be done by the following methods :

• Direct injection of fuel into the cylinder
• Injection of fuel close to the inlet valve
• Injection of fuel into the inlet manifold

There are two types of the injection system of gasoline systems :

1. Continuous Injection: In continuous injection, fuel is continuously injected. 
2. Timed Injection: In timed injection, fuel is injected only during induction stroke. Injection timing is not a critical factor in SI engines.

Advantages of fuel-injection in an SI engines :

• Increased volumetric efficiency
• Increase thermal efficiency
• Low exhaust emissions
• High-quality fuel distribution

Drilling machine types

Drilling is an operation for making drill or hole by removing metal from a workpiece by the cutting tool is called drill.
A drilling machine is made in many different types and sizes.
Each type is designated to handle a class of work or specific job to the best advantage.

Types of  Drilling Machine :

1. Portable drilling machine
2. Sensitive drilling machine

• Bench mounting
• Flour mounting

3. Upright drilling machine

• Round column section 
• Box column section

4. Radial drilling machine

• Plain
• Semi universal
• Universal

5. Gang drilling machine
6. Multiple spindle drilling machine
7. Automatic drilling machine
8. Deep hole drilling machine

• Vertical
• Horizontal

9. Turret drilling machine

Drilling machine parts

The different parts of a drilling machine are shown in the figure below :

1. Base
2. Column
3. Table
4. Head
5. Spindle, quill and drill head assembly
6. Spindle drive and feed mechanism

• Base :

The base is the part of the machine on which vertical column is mounted.

The top of the base in the round column and has T-slots on it so large workpiece and work holding devices may be set up and bolted on it.

• Column

The column is the vertical member of the machine which supports the table and the head containing all the driving mechanism.

The column should be sufficiently rigid so that it can up the entire cutting pressure of the drill.

• Table :

The table is mounted on the column and is provided with T-slots for clamping the work directly on its face.

The table may be round or rectangular in shape.

For centring work below the spindle the table of drilling machine may have three types of adjustment :

• Vertical adjustment
• Radial adjustment
• Circular adjustment

• Head :

The drill head is mounted on the top of the column and houses the driving and feeding mechanism for the spindle.

In some of the machines the drill head may be adjusted up or down for accommodating different heights of work in addition to table adjustment.

• Spindle and drill head assembly :

The spindle is a vertical shaft which holds the drill.

It receives its motion from the top shaft through bevel gears.

• Spindle drive and feed mechanism

The spindle drive mechanism of a drilling machine incorporates and arrangement for obtaining multiple speed of the spindle similar to a lathe to suit to various conditions.

Multiple speed of the spindle may be obtained as follows : 

• By step cone pulley drive
• By step cone pulley drive with one or more back gears
• By gearing

Checklist for drill press operation

• Select material as determined by design constraints.
• Determine the logical order of fabrication.
• Select requirements for machine tool used in the fabrication process.
• Determine work to be done by the drill press. 
• Select the drill press to be used.
• Center punch the material where it is to be drilled. 
• Determine the method of securing the material to the drill press. 
• Select the drill bit to be used (tapered, carbide, etc. …)
• Secure the drill bit in the chuck, or directly in the spindle if it is a tapered bit. 
• Determine the proper rotation speed for the conditions. 
• Adjust the position of the v-belt to give the selected rpm. 
• Check the setup for proper alignment and security. 
• Ensure the bit is not touching the material. 
• Check to ensure there is no loose-fitting clothing. 
• Ensure safety glasses are on properly.
• Turn on the Drill Press. 
• Using the spindle feed handle, slowly move the bit down to drill the material. 
• Move the handle up and down, to reduce heat and break off long strands of waste material. 
• Use lubrication as required. 
• Shut off drill press to check the progress of work. 
• When complete, ensure material is not too hot, and remove material. 
• Remove drill bit and return to storage.
• Clean up waste from floor and drilling machine.

Drilling machine function

The main function of the drilling machine is to make drill holes in various materials with the use of a drilling tool.

The drill press is a powerful machine tool used for drilling holes in various materials.

The drill press is typically used to drill holes, but not isolated to it. With the right attachment, the drill press can countersink, mortise, sand, route designs, tap threads, ream or bore out existing holes.

For that different types of a drilling machine are available with the use of that drilling operation is done.

Feed depth of cut and machining time for lathe machine

Some important parameter keeps in mind while operating on a lathe machine.
Feed :
The feed of cutting tool in lathe work is the distance the tool advances for each revolution of the work. 
The feed is expressed in millimetres per revolution.

Depth of cut :
The depth of cut is the perpendicular distance measured from the machine surface to the uncut surface of the work piece. 

Depth of cut =  d₁-d₂ / 2

Where 

d1 = diameter of the work surface before machining

d2 = diameter of the machined surface

Depth of cut varies inversely as the cutting speed. 

for the general purpose, the ration of the depth of cut to the feed varies from 10:1

Machining Time :

The machining time in the lathe work can be calculated for a particular operation if the speed of the job, feed length of the job is known.

Machining time = l / s * n min

Where

l = length of the job in mm

s = feed of the job in mm 

n = r.p.m of the work 

Cutting speed of lathe machine

Cutting Speed :

The cutting speed of the lathe machine is cutting tool is the speed at which the metal is removed by the tool from the work piece.

In a lathe, it is the peripheral speed of the work past the cutting tool expressed in meters per minute.

Cutting speed = Πdn/1000 m / min

Where d = diameter of the work in mm

n = R.P.M of the work

Some example related to cutting speed : 

A steel shaft of 20 mm diameter is turned at a cutting speed of 40 m / min. Find the RPM of a shaft?

Cutting tool signature

The signature is a sequence of numbers listing the various angles, in degrees, and size of the nose radius.
This numerical method of identification has been standardized by the American Standard Association.
The seven elements that comprise the signature of a single-point cutting tool are always stated in the following order :

Back rake angle-Side rake angle-End relief angle-Side relief angle-End cutting edge angle-Side cutting edge angle-Nose radius

7-15-6-5-4-14-3

7 - back rake angle

15 - Side rake angle

6 - End relief angle

5 - Side relief angle 

4 - End cutting edge angle

14 - Side cutting edge angle

3 - Nose radius

Lathe machine cutting tools

There are different types of cutting tool used for various operation performed on a lathe machine.
For a general purpose work, the tool used in the lathe is a single point cutting tool.
For special-purpose operations, multi-point cutting tool may be used.

Nomenclature of single point cutting tool :

Various single point cutting tool used for different operation it classified under the following groups.

• According to the method of manufacturing the tool :

Forged tool
Tipped tool brazed to the carbon steel shank
Tipped tool fastened mechanically to the carbon steel shank

• According to the method of holding the tool :

Solid tool
Tool bit inserted in the tool holder

• According to the method of using the tool :

Turning
Chamfering
Thread cutting
Facing
Grooving
Forming
Boring
Internal thread cutting
Parting-off

• According to the method of applying feed :

Right hand
Left hand
Round nose

All tool having a different shape and size so the main question is how to identify the right tool for that problem all tool have different cutting tool signature according to that the tool may be identified and select appropriately.

Carriage in lathe machine

Carriage: 

The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and serves the purpose of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during operation. The main parts of carriage are:

The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It provides support to cross-slide, compound rest and tool post.

The cross slide is mounted on the top of the saddle, and it provides a mounted or automatic cross-movement for the cutting tool.

The compound rest is fitted on the top of the cross slide and is used to support the tool post and the cutting tool.

The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the cutting tool or tool holder at the proper height relative to the work centre line.


The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches and levers required to move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split nut lever and the automatic feed lever at the same time is prevented she carriage along the lathe bed.
Carriage is one of the main parts of the lathe machine.

lathe machine safety precautions

While using lathe machine a safety must be needed to avoid an accident.

When we use a lathe, the following things must take great care.

• Do not support the work piece by hand use work holding device.
• Instead of using hand use brush to clean the chip.
• No adjustment while the machine is operating.
• Do not measure to attempt revolving parts.
• Make sure that all parts are secured tightly in the lathe before starting the operation.
• Never place tools on the drilling table.
• Wear safety goggles and avoid loose clothing.
• Don't keep a chuck handle attached by the chuck. Next, it flies at the moment of turning a lathe. 
• Don't touch the byte table into the rotating chuck. Not only a byte but the table or the lathe are damaged.

Lathe machine working

How to lathe machine works? 

A lathe is a machine tool which holds the work piece between two rigid and strong supports called centres or in a chuck or faceplate which revolves. 

The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed against the revolving work. 

The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.

Depth of cut, feed and cutting speed and machining time is also important parameter in machining on a lathe.

When we use a lathe, the following things must take great care.

(1) Don't keep a chuck handle attached by the chuck. Next, it flies at the moment of turning a lathe.
(2) Don't touch the byte table into the rotating chuck. Not only a byte but the table or the lathe are damaged.

Operation on lathe machine

Lathe machine performs different machining operation on a lathe.

In operation the work piece may be supported and driven by anyone of the following methods :

• Held between centres and driven by carriers and catch plates.
• Held on a mandrel which is supported between centres and driven by carriers and catch plates.
• Held and driven by chuck with the other end supported on the tailstock centre.
• Held and driven by a chuck or a faceplate or and angle plate.

Operations which are performed in a lathe either by holding the workpiece between centres or by a chuck are :

• Straight turning
• Shoulder turning
• Chamfering
• Thread cutting
• Facing
• Knurling
• Filling
• Taper turning
• Eccentric turning
• Polishing
• Grooving
• Spinning
• Spring winding
• Forming

An operation which is performed by holding the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate is:

• Drilling
• Reaming
• Borning
• Counterboring
• Taperboring
• Internal thread cutting
• Tapping
• Undercutting
• Parting-off

Operations which are performed by using special attachments are :

• Grinding
• Milling

Who invented lathe machine

The lathe machine Invented by

• Henry Maudslay

Jacques de Vaucanson built the first all-metal lathe around 1751, according to Book Rags. 

Henry Maudslay, who is considered the "father of the industrial lathe," invented the first screw-cutting engine lathe in 1797.

Henry Maudslay laid an important foundation for the Industrial Revolution with his machine tool technology. 

Lathe machine types

Types of Lathe machine :

1. Speed Lathe 

• Woodworking
• Centring
• Polishing
• Spinning

2. Engine Lathe

• Belt drive
• Individual motor drive
• Gear head lathe

3. Bench Lathe

4. Toolroom lathe

5. Capstan and Turret Lathe

6. Special purpose 

• Wheel lathe
• Gap bed lathe
• T-lathe

7. Automatic lathe

Lathe machine function

Functions of the Lathe machine:

To remove metal from a piece of work to give it the required shape and size is the main function of the lathe.

This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine and then turning it against cutting tool which will remove metal from work in the form of chips.