Difference between impulse and reaction turbine

The main difference between impulse and reaction turbines is that all hydraulic is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle in the impulse turbine and while in reaction turbine only some amount of the available energy is converted into in the form of kinetic energy. So here this article gives the main difference between impulse and reaction turbines to better understand this topic.

What is the impulse turbine?

In the impulse, the turbine changes the velocity of the water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine curved blade which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in the momentum causes a force on the turbine blades basis.

What is the reaction turbine?

The reaction turbines are acted on by water which changes pressure as it moved through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure, there must be fully submerged in the water flow.

Difference between impulse turbine and reaction turbine:

  • The impulse turbine only the kinetic energy is used to rotate the turbine, while in reaction turbine both the kinetic and pressure energy are used to rotate the turbine.
  • The impulse turbine all hydraulic energy is converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle and it is the jet so produced which strikes the runner blades, while in the reaction turbine only some amount of the available energy is converted into the form of kinetic energy before the fluid enters the runner.
  • In an impulse turbine, the watertight casing is not necessary. The casing has no hydraulic function to perform. It only serves to prevent splashing and guide water to the tailrace. But in the reaction turbine, the runner must be enclosed within a watertight casing.
  • The impulse turbine doesn't run full and air has free access to a bucket, while in reaction turbine water completely fills at the passes between the blades and while flowing between the inlet and outlet section does work on the blades.
  • In Impulse, turbine water is admitted only in the form of jets. There may be one or more jet striking the equal number of buckets simultaneously but in reaction turbines, the water is admitted over the entire circumference of the runner.
  • Impulse turbine has a high operating speed, while in reaction turbine has a low operating speed.
  • In an impulse, the turbine is always installed above the tailrace and there is no draft tube used, while in reaction turbine is generally connected to the grade to the tailrace through a draft tube which is a gradually expanding passage. It may be installed below or above the tailrace.
  • In an impulse turbine, the pressure of the water remains unchanged and is equal to the atmospheric pressure during the process, while in reaction turbine the pressure of the water is reducing after passing through vanes.
  • For the same power development, the number of stages required in an impulse turbine is way less when compared to the number of stages required in the reaction turbine.
  • Impulse turbine has less maintenance work where the reaction turbine has high maintenance work.
  • Impulse turbine is used for steam propulsion of ship and submarines, electricity generation and for cargo operation on ship and refineries. While in reaction turbine is mainly used for electricity generation.
  • Example of the Impulse turbine is a Pelton wheel, Banki turbine, on the other hand, the reaction turbine is Francis turbine, Kaplan and propeller turbine, Deriaz turbine, Fourneyron, tubular turbine, etc.
  • In an impulse turbine, relative velocity of fluids remains fairly same across the blades, while in reaction turbine relative velocity of a fluid increases gradually across the blades.
  • The degree of reaction is 0 in impulse turbine, while in reaction turbine the degree of reaction between 0 and 1.
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Difference between synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox

The synchromesh gearbox is used to engage also to disengage gear but in constant mesh, gearbox used to engage and disengage gears. So here this article gives information about the main key difference between the synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox to better understand this topic.

What is the synchromesh gearbox?

In this type of gearbox is similar to the constant mesh type gearbox. Instead of using dog clutches here and also synchronizers are used. The modem car uses helical gears ad synchromesh device is gearboxes, that synchronize the rotation of gears that are about to the meshed. Its working is similar to the constant mesh type, but in the former, there is a definite improvement.

What is constant mesh gearbox?

The constant-mesh gearbox is a type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in mesh types with one to another, as opposed to a sliding gear transmission, in which engagement is obtained by some sliding of the gears along a shaft into the mesh. In this gearbox gear ratios are selected by small clutches that is connect the various gear sets to their shafts so that power is transmitted through them.

Difference between the synchromesh gearbox and constant mesh gearbox:

  • Synchronizers are used to engage and disengage gears in synchromesh gearbox. Whereas dog clutches are used to engage and disengage gears. 
  • Synchronizer gearbox will be no slip in the case of the synchromesh gearbox. While in slip takes place in the constant mesh gearbox.
  • The locking action was fully satisfied by the synchromesh gearbox. The locking action was partially satisfied by constant mesh gearbox. 
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Difference between shaper and planner machine

The main difference between shaper and planer is that in shaper machine workpiece is fixed at the table and tool is in reciprocating motion which rubs the workpiece and cut unwanted metal. While in planner machine tool acts like a stationary body and workpiece move over it. It is used for large size workpieces. There are many other differences which are described below. So here this article gives the main key difference between the shaper and planer machine to better understand this topic.

What is the shaper machine?


Shaper machine is defined as the process of removing the material from the surface of the workpiece, fixed in the machine vice by a single-point cutting tool that reciprocates in linear motion across the workpiece. The material removed from the workpiece will be horizontal, vertical, and angular planes by the single point cutting tools.

 What is the planner machine?

 Planner machine is defined as the process of removing the material from the surface of the workpiece, by mean of tool which is fixed and the workpiece reciprocates along with it. As it is also using a single-point cutting tool, but the machinery is large compared to a shaper machine and can machine large components.

Difference between  shaper and planner machine:

  • Shaper machine is traditionally a small machine ad preferred for smaller jobs. Whereas the planner machine is larger and can accommodate the heavier and larger job. Job as a large as 7 meters wide and twice long can be machined on a planer. 
  • Shaper requires a large floor space, while the planer requires less floor space.
  • It is possible for a shaper to make light cuts and finer feed. While it is possible for a planer to make heavier cuts and coarse feed.
  • Tools used in shapers are lighter and smaller, whereas tools used in planers are heavier, stronger, and larger.
  • Shaper, workpiece imparts cutting motion, while cutting tool gives feed motion, on the other hand, planer, the workpiece imparts feed motion while cutting tool gives cutting motion.
  • Shaper has a lower rate of power consumption, the planer has a high rate of power consumption.
  • Shaper machine work is held stationary and the cutting tool on the ram is pushed back and forth over the work. While in the planer machine the tool is stationary and workpiece travel back and both under the tool.
  • In the planner machine, multiple tooling permits machining of more than one surface at a time whereas only one tool is used on a shaper.
  • The planner has a comparatively high machining accuracy when compared to the shaper.
  • Shaper Machine, cutting, and return speeds vary throughout the strokes, while in the planer machine, cutting and return speeds are uniform throughout the strokes.
  • Shaper is simple in construction and less rigid, while the planer is very robust and rigid in construction.
  • Shaper machine work setting requires less skill and less time whereas in the planer machine, work setting requires specialized skill ad more time.
  • The shaper uses a quick return mechanism to drive them ram. In morden shaper machine, the hydraulic drive is also used, while in planer is given by gear or hydraulic arrangement.
  • Shaper has only one cutting tool that can be used at a time, the planer has a facility to accommodate multiple tools and simultaneously use all of them.
  • A shaper machine is not suitable for machining small and medium-size work, one or few at a time, a planer is usually not suitable for matching the small and medium size of work, one or few at a time.
  • Shaper provides low MRR, thus shaping is less productive, the planner has longer stroke length and can take heavy cuts therefore MRR is high and the operation is productive.
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Difference between reversible and irreversible process

A reversible process is a process the system can be is thermodynamic equilibrium, while in the irreversible process is a thermodynamic process that cannot be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system. So here this article gives information about the main key difference between the reversible and irreversible processes to better understand this topic.

 What is a reversible process?

In a reversible process, the series of changes carried out on the system during that is the transformation from initial to the final state may be possibly reversed in an exact manner.

 What is an irreversible process?

An irreversible process is one that cannot be retracted to the initial state without making a permanent change in the surrounding. Many of the spontaneous processes and systems are irreversible in nature.

Difference between reversible and irreversible process:

  • A reversible process is carried out infinitesimally slowly, while in irreversible is carried out rapidly.
  • The reversible process takes infinite time for completion, while the irreversible process takes a finite time for completion.
  • A reversible process is a process that can be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system, while in the irreversible process is a thermodynamic process that cannot be reversed in order to obtain the initial state of a system.
  • Reversible at any stage, the equilibrium is not disturbed, while in irreversible equilibrium may exist only after the completion of the process.
  • Work obtained in this process is maximum while an irreversible process work obtained is no maximum. 
  • The reversible process can be reversed, the irreversible process cannot e reversed.
  • A reversible process is an equilibrium between the initial stage and the final state of the system, Irreversible process there is no equilibrium in the system.
  • A reversible process can be made to proceed in a forward or backward direction. The irreversible process can take place in one direction only.
  • Work done in a reversible process is greater than the corresponding work done in an irreversible process, while in work done in an irreversible process is always lower than the same kind of work done in a reversible process.
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Difference between reciprocating and rotary compressors

The main difference between rotary and reciprocating compressor can be done on the basis of maximum delivery pressure, free discharge rate, speed of the compressor, the supply of air,  the size of compressor, lubrication system, efficiency, suitability, initial cost, working fluid, the cycle of operation, balancing. So here this article gives the information about the main key difference between reciprocating compressor and a rotary compressor to better understand this topic.

What is a reciprocating compressor?

Reciprocating compressors are meat intermittent use and when you need a small amount of air. These are best suited for a homeowner. Workshops, small business, and construction work. If your compressor is going to be idle more than about one of a third of the time, then a  reciprocating compressor is a probably better choice for your need and satisfaction because the rotary compressor does not fare well with downtime.

What is a rotary compressor?

Rotary compressors are for an application that needs continues to air. They are designed to operate non stop and produce a strong and consistent flow of air. Rotary compressors are a good choice for commercial as well as industrial users that have a constant demand for air. They are very durable and reliable in situations where they are put under a lot of demand. 

Difference between reciprocating and rotary compressors:

  • In reciprocating compressor compression of air takes place with the help of position and cylinder arrangement with reciprocating motion of the piston. While in rotary compressor compression of air takes place due to rotary motion of blades.
  • Reciprocating compressor delivery of air intermittent, Rotary compressor delivery of air is continuous. 
  • The reciprocating compressor flow rate of air is low, while the flow rate of air is high in a rotary compressor.
  • Delivery pressure is high in a reciprocating compressor, while the delivery pressure is low in the rotary compressor.
  • Rotation speed is low in a reciprocating compressor, while in rotation speed is high in a rotary compressor 
  • The reciprocating compressor needs proper lubrication and more maintenance, while in a rotary compressor required less lubrication and maintenance.
  • The speed of the compressor is low because of unbalanced in a reciprocating compressor but the speed of the compressor is high because of perfect balancing in a rotary compressor.
  • In reciprocating air compressor has more number of moving parts, while in rotary air compressor has fewer number of moving parts.
  • A reciprocating compressor is used when the small quality of air at high pressure is required, while in a rotary compressor used where large-quality pressure is required.
  • Reciprocating compressor due to the speed of rotation can not be directly coupled to prime mover but it requires reduction of speed, but in the rotary compressor can be directly coupled to the prime mover.
  • The size of the reciprocating compressor is bulky for given discharge volume, while in rotary compressor size is small for given discharge volume.
  • Reciprocating compressor required complicated lubrication style is required, while in a rotary compressor Simple lubrication style is required.
  • Reciprocating compressor air is delivered from the compressor is dirty, since it comes in contact with the lubricating oil and cylinder surface. While on air delivered from the rotary compressor is clean and free from dirt.
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Difference between air cooled and water cooled condenser

The main important factor to note in the comparison between the air-cooled condenser and the water-cooled condenser is the cost of purchase, maintenance, and installation. Here this article gives the main difference between air-cooled and water-cooled condenser to better understand this topic. 

What is Air-cooled condenser?


The air-cooled condensers use ambient air for cooling in the refrigerant cycle. These can often be seen outdoors, as they are commonly used in the exterior unit in the residential and rooftop cooling system.

What is Water cooled condenser?


Water cooling systems have been widely used for years, although they are also on the rise in small businesses and some residential applications. The system operates through a network of water coils used to transfer the heat from the condenser coil. These systems typically work in tandem with the cooling tower in order to circulate out the heat.

Difference between Air-cooled and water-cooled condenser:

  • In an Air-cooled condenser, the initial and maintenance cost is low due to simple construction. While in water-cooled condenser cost high since construction is complicated.
  • Air-cooled condenser used for low capacity, while in water-cooled condenser used for large capacity.
  • An air-cooled condenser no handling problem with air but in water-cooled condenser difficult to handle.
  • While the used air-cooled condenser fouling effect is low since no corrosion, while water-cooled condenser fouling effect is high due to corrosion inside tubes.
  • Air-cooled condenser low heat transfer capacity due to the low thermal conductivity of air, while in water-cooled condenser they have high heat transfer capacity due to the high thermal conductivity of water.
  • The hot air can easily dispose of in air-cooled condenser while in there is the problem of disposing of in water-cooled condenser used water unless the recirculation system is provided
  • Air cool condenser operates on higher condensing temperature so more power required, but in water-cooled operate on lower condensing temperature.
  • In Air-cooled condenser, the efficiency advantage lessens at part load condition, while in water-cooled condenser efficiency advantages much less due to additional cost of CT and pump. 
  • In Air-cooled condenser do not require a sophisticated piping arrangement for carrying air, While in water-cooled condenser piping arrangement is required for carrying water.
  • Air-cooled condensers required more power for the circulation of air and high power fans are noisy. But in water-cooled condensers require less power to the circulation on water.
  • Air-cooled condenser refrigerant condensing temperature is higher due to dependent on DBT, while in water-cooled condenser refrigerant condensing temperature is lower due to dependent on condenser water temperature which is dependent on WBT.
  • Air-cooled condenser life approx 15 to 20 years, while in water-cooled condenser longer equipment life 20 to 30 years.




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Advantage of 12V battery Ignition over 6V battery ignition system

Since 1950 all car engines had 6 Volt ignition systems. The advantage of the 6-volt system is that it uses the three cell storage battery which is cheaper, lighter, and less bulky than a six-cell battery of the same watt-hour capacity. As the compression ratio and engine speed increased, the voltage required to break down hence, the 12 Volt system came to be preferred. Now, let us check out the advantages of the 12 Volt battery ignition system over the 6 Volt battery ignition system. 

The main advantages of 12 Volt ignition system are:

  • The cables of a 6 Volt system to be twice the thickness of 12 Volt.
  • Transmitting equal power without excessive voltage drop.
  • During the starting surge, nearly twice the power is available for the ignition coil.
  • Considerably higher voltage can be obtained. 
  • The number of accessories that can be connected to the battery is more since giving adequate voltage.
  • Improve the starting of the engine because of twice power is available than 6 Volt. 

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Advantages and disadvantages of LPG

Most of the uses of LPG as fuel at present in domestic and industrial purposes. However, it is also used in the automobile sector as fuel. Let us check some of the advantages and disadvantages of LPG are as follows. Also, you can check out the advantages and disadvantages of LPG cars to know more about it.

Advantages of LPG: 

  1. LPG is non-toxic and non-corrosive in nature. 
  2. Possesses good anti-knocking characteristics. 
  3. LPG can be mix with air at any temperature. 
  4. It has a high octane rating thus it burns cleaner than gasoline. 
  5. LPG does not produce harmful emissions like CO, NO, and higher hydrocarbons. Because LPG contains less content of carbon than gasoline. 
  6. LPG used as fuel in vapor form, therefore, there is no chance of crankcase dilution. 
  7. A uniform mixture of air and fuel can be delivered to the cylinder.
  8. Frequent cleaning of the combustion chamber is not required because particulate emissions are less in LPG. 
  9. There is no carbon deposit on the electrode of the spark plug. Thus, increase the life of sparkplug. 
  10. High thermal efficiency due to the high octane rating. 
  11. The longer engine life than gasoline engine due to less wear on the engine. 
  12. Less vibration, less noise as compared with the diesel engines. 
  13. LPG provides uniform calorific value. Thus, high combustion efficiency. 
  14. LPG running vehicles result in a 10% increase in consumption compared with gasoline. 

Disadvantages of LPG: 

  1. LPG requires a special fuel system for a car. 
  2. The storage tank is heavy thus increase the weight of the car. 
  3. LPG is inflammable gas thus it is hazardous. 
  4. It causes suffocation if leakage because it is heavier than air. 
  5. LPG has low energy density thus it consumes more. 
  6. LPG is costlier than CNG. 
  7. Ignition temperature of LPG is higher than gasoline. 
  8. LPG engine starting trouble at low temperatures because of low vapour pressure. 
  9. It is difficult to provide sufficient power to vehicles in mountains or rough terrains. 
  10. It reduces volumetric efficiency due to the high heat of vaporization. 
  11. LPG is odorless therefore, leakage cannot be easily detected. 

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Advantages and disadvantages of LPG cars

Some of the advantages and disadvantages of LPG cars are as follows. Now, let you check out how to harm vehicles if you used the LPG as a fuel in your cars. Also, check out the advantages and disadvantages of LPG to know more about it. 

Advantages of LPG used cars:

  • LPG mixes with air at all temperatures.
  • LPG has high antiknock characteristics.
  • LPG used engine may have a 50% longer life.
  • Instantly controllable decarburizing of parts.
  • LPG contains less carbon than petrol.
  • In LPG no crankcase dilution.
  • LPG heat energy accounts for about 80% of petrol, but its high octane value compensates for the thermal efficiency of the engine.
  • LPG is a cost-saving of about 50%.
  • Maintenance is low.
  • Clean burning and lowest CO2 emissions amongst all refined fuels.
  • The effects of corrosion are greatly reduced.
  • Avoid scaling and decarburizing of parts.
  • Very high thermal efficiency.
  • LPG can be used in a variety of applications such as in a vehicle, cooking, refrigeration, and rural heating.  
  • With the use of the LPG, the engine tends to overheat easily.

Disadvantages of LPG cars:

  • At full throttle, LPG will produce 10% less horsepower.
  • LPG ignition temperature is somewhere higher than petrol.
  • LPG reduced 5% valve life.
  • A good cooling system is necessary.
  • The vehicle weight is increased due to the use of a heavy pressure cylinder to store LPG.
  • Not all petrol stations sell LPG hence you can always use petrol as a backup.
  • Installation is difficult.
  • An engine will be overheated on a long journey because complete combustion occurs so more heat is liberated.
  • Reduce engine life efficiency.
  • Handling must be done under approximately 18 bar pressure.
  • LPG characteristics odor is faint, so leakage can not be easily detected. 
  • Response to blending is feeble.  

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Advantages and disadvantages of extrusion

Extrusion is a common manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. It is one type of forming process. Although this process is widely used and with many advantages, it also comes with some disadvantages too which we will be discussing here. 

Advantages of the extrusion process:

  1. Extrusion is a continuous high production volume process. 
  2. It can easily create complex shapes too. 
  3. This process can be used for both brittle and ductile materials. 
  4. Lower cost per parts manufacturing. 
  5. This process working operation is easy and flexible. 
  6. Good mechanical properties and surface finish obtained especially in cold extrusion.
  7. Good compounding and efficient melting are achieved by this process. 
  8. No oxidation takes place in this process.
  9. Superior dimension control. 
  10. Uniform product produced by this process. 
  11. Better grain structure and accuracy achieved in this metal forming process.  
  12. Less wastage of material in the extrusion process. 
  13. Required low deformation energy.
  14. Economical for mass production.

Disadvantages of the extrusion process:

  1. For deformation high compressive force required. 
  2. High set up cost. 
  3. Only one type of cross-section can be obtained at a time thus product limitation. 
  4. Sometimes the product expands more due to unequal force applied thus variations in the size of the product. 
  5. Close tolerance can not be held. 
  6. High temperatures may promote undesirable cause thus heat resistant tools are required which are expensive. 
  7. Extrusion dies easily wear out. 
  8. Thermoset plastic is not suitable. 

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What are the disadvantages of muff coupling?

Muff coupling is also called sleeve coupling is the simplest type of rigid coupling that consists of a hollow cylinder. Whose inner diameter is the same as a shaft. It is fitted over the ends of two shafts by means of gif head key and power transmitted from one shaft to another by means of a key and a sleeve. Now, let us have a deep insight into the disadvantages of muff coupling in this article. 

Disadvantages of muff coupling:

  • Muff coupling is difficult to assemble or dismantle.
  • It is a rigid type of coupling and requires accurate alignment of shafts.
  • It can not absorb shocks and vibrations because there are no flexible parts.
  • This coupling is used where the motion is free from vibrations.
  • It requires more axial space compared with flange coupling.
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Automobile full form list | Automobile Acronyms



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Full form of DSLR

What is the full form of DSLR?


Answer :

  • Digital Single Lens Reflex

What does DSLR mean?


It can be used to take high definition quality pictures with uses light travels through the lens, then to a mirror that alternates to send the image to the image sensor.

It is a combination of optics and the mechanism of SLR with a digital imaging sensor.
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Difference between galvanizing and electroplating

Some information on galvanizing and electroplating and their difference are discussed in this article. So now, first of all, we can check out the definition of both processes. Let us check out the difference between galvanizing and electroplating to know more about it. 

What is galvanizing?

The process of applying a coating of zinc to steel to protect it against corrosion is called galvanizing. The entire process is done through immersion of a steel product into a bath of molten zinc. 

What is electroplating?

The process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by electrolysis to protect metal against corrosion is called electroplating. Electroplating is also known as electrodeposition. 

 The main key difference between galvanizing and electroplating is given below. 

Galvanizing Vs Electroplating: 

  • Galvanizing is specific coating of zinc whereas electroplating is various options of metal for coating. 
  • Galvanizing is done just by dunking steel into molten zinc so no electricity is required while electroplating requires electric current. 
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Difference between anodic and cathodic coating

Information on anodic and cathodic coating and their difference between them is given below in this article. Coatings are coating applied on metal to protect the metal and reduce the wear and tear. 

What is the anodic coating?

As we know the anodic coating is a type of coating material that uses anodizing to provide aluminum or any type of subtraction with increased thickness, color, and protection. This coating consists of the oxide film formed by electrolysis on metal, with the metal acting as an anode.

What is a cathodic coating?

While in the cathodic coating is a technique that reduces the corrosion of a metal surface by making that entire structure of the cathode of an electrochemical cell- that is the derivation of the term. This is typically accomplished by discharging current from an external anode so that the current flow through the electrolyte to the original anodic sites on the surface of the structure, rather than the aways from it.

The cathodic coating often classified and also known as electrophoretic deposition, e-coating, electrocoating, cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition, electrophoretic coating, and electrophoretic painting. 

The main key difference between anodic and cathodic metal coating is given below. 

  • Anodic means positively charged conductor and cathodic means negatively charged conductor.
  • In anodic coating the base metal is coated with metal which is anodic to it, it is called an anodic coating while in if the base metal is coated with metal which is cathodic to it, such a phenomenon is called as a cathodic coating.
  • anodic coating, it protects the base metal from corrosion while in cathodic coating prevents the metal from getting corroded.
  • Anodic coating failure of this coating causes the formation of galvanic cells while in cathodic coating loses its strength, it causes imbalanced cathode and anode and causes corrosion at a severe rate.
  • The well-known example of anodic coating is the coating of zinc on iron while the cathodic metal coating is coating tin on iron.

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Why flexible couping are preferred over rigid coupling?

Flexible coupling accomplishes the purpose of any coupling, but the main advantage over rigid coupling is flexible coupling is to accommodate the unavoidable misalignment between shafts in some machinery. 

The flexible coupling also allows a degree of axial movement between the coupling shafts as possible due to thermal expansion.  

As compared with a flexible coupling, the rigid coupling has limited application because rigid couplings do not have the ability to compensate for shaft misalignment, therefore, used where shafts are already positioned in precise lateral and angular alignment.
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  1. What are the disadvantages of muff coupling?
  2. What is coupling?
  3. Difference between the rigid and flexible coupling
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Proell governor | Construction | Working | Equation of height

A porter governor is known as a proell governor is the two balls are fixed on the upward extensions of the lower links which are in the form of bent links BAE and CDF as shown in the figure below. 
Proell governor


Now, considering the equilibrium of the link BAE which is under the action of following characteristics. 

  • The weight of the ball, mg
  • The tension in the link AO
  • The horizontal reaction of the sleeve
  • The weight of sleeve and friction 1/2 (mg+f) or 1/2 (mg-f)
  • The centrifugal force, mr’αΎ 2 
I is the instantaneous centre of the link BAE and take moments about I to find out the height relation for proell governor. 

N2 = 895×a/h×e [ 2mg + ( mg + or – f ) ( 1+k) / 2mg ] 

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