MECHANICALFUNDA for Mechanical Engineers

Difference between open loop and closed loop control system

The main difference between an open-loop system and a closed-loop system is that the closed-loop system can self-correct, whereas the open-loop system cannot. As a result, closed-loop systems are often referred to as feedback control systems, whereas open-loop systems are referred to as non-feedback controls. Let us check the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control system in this article.

Open loop control system Vs Closed loop control system

Definition

Open Loop Control System: There is no feedback path is provided.

Closed Loop Control System: There is a feedback path present.

Also Called as

Open Loop Control System: Non-feedback control system

Closed Loop Control System: Feedback control system

Control Action

Open Loop Control System: The control action is independent of the overall system output.

Closed Loop Control System: The control action is dependent on the system output.

Design Complexity

Open Loop Control System: The design and construction are quite simple.

Closed Loop Control System: The design and construction are comparatively complex.

Main Components

Open Loop Control System: Controller and plant.

Closed Loop Control System: Controller, plant or process, feedback element and error detector.

Response

Open Loop Control System: It has a fast response because there is no measurement and feedback of output.

Closed Loop Control System: It has a slow response due to the presence of feedback.

Reliability

Open Loop Control System: Less reliable.

Closed Loop Control System: More reliable.

Accuracy

Open Loop Control System: The accuracy depends on the system calibration. Thus, accuracy may be less.

Closed Loop Control System: This system is accurate because feedback maintains its accuracy.

Stability

Open Loop Control System: More stable.

Closed Loop Control System: Less stable.

Optimization

Open Loop Control System: Not optimized.

Closed Loop Control System: Optimized to produce a desired output.

Maintenance

Open Loop Control System: Less maintenance.

Closed Loop Control System: More maintenance.

Implementation

Open Loop Control System: Easy to implement.

Closed Loop Control System: Relatively difficult to implement.

Cost

Open Loop Control System: Cost is low.

Closed Loop Control System: Cost is relatively high.

Internal noise

Open Loop Control System: More internal noise.

Closed Loop Control System: Less internal noise.

Examples of open loop control systems: Automatic traffic light systems, Immersion heaters, Automatic washing machine

Examples of closed-loop control systems: ACs, Fridge, Toaster, Radar tracking system

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Difference between hardwood and softwood

The important difference between hardwood and softwood is that hardwood trees are typically slower growers and are considered angiosperm, which leads to denser wood. Software trees are gymnosperms, meaning they are evergreen trees. You can check out the difference between hardwood and softwood in detail below.

Difference between hardwood and softwood

Growth

Hardwood: They are slower growers and considered angiosperm trees.

Softwood: They are faster growers and are considered gymnosperm trees.

Durability

Hardwood: They are durable, high quality and offer a long-lasting option for multiple purposes.

Softwood: They are weaker and less durable than hardwood.

Application

Hardwood: Used for flooring, cladding, panelling, buildings, fencing, boats and outdoor decks.

Softwood: Used for feature walls, ceilings, furniture, doors and windows.

Species

Hardwood: Balsa, Eucalyptus, Mahogany, Blackbutt, Red Ironbark and Spotted Gum

Softwood: Douglas fir, Juniper, Yew, Cedar, Pine and Hemlock

Sustainability

Hardwood: Hardwood are not as renewable as softwood due to its long-lasting nature. It can be a well-considered choice for its durability.

Softwood: Softwood grow much faster than hardwood. They are considered a very renewable source.

Appearance

Hardwood: This timber is available in various colours, and finishes, and suits almost a contemporary style setting.

Softwood: The versatile nature of this timber offers a stunning, seamless finish. It is quite workable, making a variety of uses possible.

Maintenance

Hardwood: This timber is durable, and easy to clean, while scratches and dents can be fixed with ease.

Softwood: Due to being less durable. this timber requires more regular maintenance to ensure its longevity.

Cost

Hardwood: They are generally more expensive due to their slow growth rate and durable properties. But good for long-run and low maintenance.

Softwood: They are cheaper than hardwood, as they are faster growers and easier to source.

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Challenges for the EV Infrastructure Industry

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable momentum in recent years as a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered cars. An EV is a vehicle which is powered by an electric motor that gets electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external source.

However, the adoption of electric vehicles is not without its challenges. One of the most significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is the lack of sufficient EV infrastructure.

In this article, we will discuss some of the challenges facing the development of EV infrastructure.

Limited charging infrastructure: One of the biggest challenges facing the growth of the electric vehicle market is the limited charging infrastructure. EVs require frequent charging, and without a reliable network of charging stations, EV owners may face difficulty finding places to charge their vehicles. While some companies have installed charging stations in public places like shopping malls, parking lots, and gas stations, the overall number of charging stations is still relatively low compared to the number of gas stations. To encourage EV adoption, governments need to invest in the development of a robust charging infrastructure.

High cost of charging stations: Another significant challenge facing the development of EV infrastructure is the high cost of installing charging stations. Building a charging station requires significant investment, and the high cost of installation is a significant deterrent for businesses and individuals looking to invest in EV infrastructure. However, as more companies and individuals realize the benefits of owning and driving electric vehicles, the demand for charging stations will increase, and the costs associated with installing them will likely decrease.

Range anxiety: It is a term used to describe the fear of running out of power while driving an electric vehicle. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered cars, EVs have limited driving ranges, and if the battery runs out, the driver may be stranded until they can find a charging station. This fear can be a significant barrier to adoption for some consumers, who are used to the convenience of being able to refuel their cars at any gas station. However, advances in battery technology have led to longer ranges for electric vehicles, and this is gradually reducing the impact of range anxiety on potential EV buyers.

Lack of standardization: Another challenge facing the development of EV infrastructure is the lack of standardization in charging technology. There are currently multiple types of charging stations available, and different vehicles require different types of charging connections. This lack of standardization can create confusion and inconvenience for EV owners, who may struggle to find the right charging station for their vehicles. However, efforts are underway to develop a standardized charging system that will make it easier for EV owners to charge their vehicles regardless of the make and model.

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Market

As per RationalStat’s market study, India electric vehicle infrastructure market, is expected to experience a robust growth rate of 30% between 2019 and 2028. The infrastructure to charge an electric vehicle is crucial for India's growth. India's Government has set a goal to make 70% of all commercial vehicles, 30% of private cars and 40% of buses and 80% of two-wheelers changes to EV by 2030. To achieve this goal, India must have enough charging stations.

The EV market is growing because of rising concerns about urban air pollution. Conventional fuel vehicles are a major cause of air pollution. This forces governments to impose strict regulations on car manufacturers to limit vehicle emissions. EVs are able to reduce dependence on oil-based fuels, and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The government of many countries are also involved in driving the EVs’ sales by providing subsidies for customers.

Future Growth of Electric Vehicles

The Federation also requested FAME-II of the Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry to continue until 2025 to increase the EV demand. The scheme cost US$ 1.3 billion to finance the incentivized EV purchase and help India's charging infrastructure. In 2018, the National E-Mobility Program, which was designed to promote hybrid and electric vehicles in India, was launched. It aimed at achieving national fuel security. The program aims to reach 30% of all-electric vehicles by 2030. This will be a major boost to market growth in the future.

Bottom Line

The development of EV infrastructure is crucial for the growth and adoption of electric vehicles. The challenges facing the development of EV infrastructure include limited charging infrastructure, high costs of charging stations, range anxiety, and lack of standardization. However, with the right investment and collaboration between the public and private sectors, these challenges can be overcome, and electric vehicles can become a viable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars.

Difference between elastic and inelastic collisions

An elastic collision is a state where there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as a result of the collision. An inelastic collision is a state where there is a loss of kinetic energy as a result of the collision. In an inelastic collision, the loss of kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy, sound energy, and material deformation. You can check out the difference between elastic and inelastic collision in this article below.

Difference between elastic and inelastic collisions

The total kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions. The total kinetic energy of bodies at the beginning of the collision is different in inelastic collisions.
The momentum does not change in elastic collisions as well as inelastic collisions.
No conversion of energy takes place in elastic collisions. The kinetic energy is changed into other energy such as sound or heat energy in case of inelastic collisions.
An elastic collision is highly unlikely in the real world as there is almost always a change in energy. An inelastic collision is a normal form of collision in the real world.
The particles in a perfectly inelastic collision stick together after the collision, whereas the particles in an inelastic collision do not stick together and move individually.
Examples of elastic collisions: Swinging balls OR Spacecraft flying near a planet but not affected by its gravity. Examples of inelastic collisions: Collisions of two cars OR A bat striking a baseball.

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Difference between stress and strain

The force exerted per unit area is referred to as stress, and the physical change that occurs as a result of that force is referred to as a strain. Stress and strain are strongly connected because stain occurs purely as a result of stress. You can check out the difference between stress and strain below.

Difference between Stress and Strain

Definition:

Stress: Stress is the force experienced by an object which can cause a change in the object.

Strain: Strain is the change in the shape of an object when stress is applied.

Shape:

Stress is measurable and has units for measurement, whereas a strain is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit. The unit for stress is Nm-2 = Pa ( Pascals).

Derivation:

Stress word invented from the Latin word "strictus".

Strain word invented from the Latin word "stringere".

Occurrence:

Stress can occur in the absence of stain, and strain can not occur in the absence of stress.

Formula and Symbol:

Stress = Force / Area

Strain = Change in length / Original length

Stress is denoted by 𝞂 = F / A

Strain is denoted by € = ∆ L / L

Types:

Types of stress: Shear stress, Longitudinal stress, Volumetric stress

Types of strain: Shear strain, Longitudinal strain, Volumetric strain

Summary:

Stress and strain are related to each other and are directly proportional to each other up to the elastic limit of an object. The relationship between them can be given using Hooke's law. The important difference between them is strain is the force on the object, which cause a change in the object, whereas strain is a change in the shape of the object when stress is applied.

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Difference between cycloidal and involute tooth

An involute gear has straight teeth, whereas a cycloid gear has curved teeth. The curvature of involute gears is radial, whereas the curvature of cycloid gears is tangential. Cycloid gears have the benefit of being able to transmit more power than comparable involute gears. Some differences between cycloidal and involute tooth profiles are discussed below. You can check out the difference to know more about both terms.

Difference between cycloidal and involute tooth:

Cycloidal teeth are stronger, while involute teeth are weaker.
In cycloidal is difficult to manufacture due to the requirement of hypocycloids and epicycloids, While involute is easier to manufacture due to its convex surface.
In involute, the velocity is not affected due to variation in centre distance, while the cycloidal centre distance should remain the same
Involute has interference take place, but the cycloidal is no interference
Involute velocity is not affected due to variation in centre distance, while the cycloidal centre distance should remain the same.
Cycloidal has less wear and tear as the concave flank makes a convex flank, While the Involute has more wear and tear as contact takes place between convex surfaces.

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Advantages and disadvantages of natural gas

In the few decades, natural gas has become popular among the fuels source. Natural gas is formed when decomposed plants and animals are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure when they are under the surface of the earth for millions of years. It is used for cooking, heating, and generating electricity and obviously for fuels. Many people prefer natural gas over conventional fuels because it has many advantages. But it has some disadvantages too. You can check out the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas.

Advantages of natural gas:

Natural gas is cheaper than other fossil fuels.
Natural gas is more environmentally friendly because it burns cleaner under the earth's surface.
More efficient storage and transportation than renewable energy.
Natural gas can be found abundantly as it is available from nature.
Natural gas has a lower density than air, making it lighter than air. As a result, if there is a leak, it may simply dissipate into the air. Thus, it is safe to use.
The use of natural gas in cooking, heating, and many others. Thus, it is more convenient than other fuels.
Natural gas is cheaper than gasoline.
High net energy yield.

Disadvantages of natural gas:

The most significant disadvantage is that it emits carbon dioxide, leading to climate change and global warming.
They are damaging the ecosystem.
Natural gas is odourless, and it is difficult to detect when leakage.
Natural gas is highly flammable. If it leaks, it can cause more damage.
It takes a lot of time to process and produce natural gas.
Natural gas, while easy to store and transport, has one significant downside. Its volume is four times that of gasoline, making it more expensive since more money must be spent on extra storage.
Issues with price volatility. Russia essentially controls the natural gas market in Europe and Asia. The price is increasing due to transport costs and political tensions.

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Difference between torque and force

The force that may cause an object to rotate along an axis is measured by torque. At the same time, the force causes an object to accelerate in linear kinematics. Torque causes an object to accelerate in angular kinematics. You can check out the difference between torque and force in this article.

What is Torque?

Torque is the term used to describe the specific effect of a force being applied to an object in which force causes the object to rotate around an axis. Torque is also concerned with acceleration, which is always at an angle. It is a vector but according to the direction of force, its direction varies.

What is Force?

Force is a type of action that occurs, either keeping a body in motion or changing the motion of the body. Force is a vector since it has not only size but also a specific direction. There are different forces including natural forces such as gravity, tension and friction, and electromagnetic force.

Torque Vs Force

Type of acceleration

Torque is always an angular acceleration and force mostly in linear acceleration.

Type of motion

Torque is always observed in rotational motion and force is always observed in linear motion.

Nature of quantity

Both torque and force are vectors in nature.

Formula

The formula for torque is T = F × r × Sin (Ꝋ)

The formula for Force F = ma

Metric Unit of measurement

The unit of measurement for calculating torque is Nm (Newton-meters).

The unit of measurement to calculate force is Newton.

English Unit of measurement

The English unit of measuring the torque is Foot-Pound.

The English unit of measuring the force is Pound.

Example

Example of Torque - Torque applied to the door makes the door swing or rotate. OR Working of gears in the engine.

Example of Force - Force applied on trolley bag moves trolley in linear. OR Lifting any objects.

Comparison and Similarity between Torque and Force

The force depends on the mass of the body, while torque depends on the angle.
The force depends on linear acceleration and torque depends on rotational acceleration.
The torque of the body depends on the push or pull action performed on it and force is also the same action performed on the body.
The momentum of force is calculated using linear momentum while torque momentum is calculated using angular momentum.
The force of any object depends on the mass and acceleration while torque depends on the force angle.
Force and torque are the same action types that operate in different mediums.

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Balanced force Vs Unbalanced force

The forces acting on a body are said to be balanced if the total force of all the forces acting on it equals zero. When two opposing forces acting on a body result in a total that is not zero, the object that caused the motion is said to be the unbalanced force. You can check the balanced force vs unbalanced force in detail here.

Balanced force Vs Unbalanced force

Balanced forces are the resultant force that happens when all the forces acting on an object cancel out each other. Unbalanced forces are the resultant force that happens when all the forces acting on an object do not cancel out each other.
The forces are in opposite directions for balanced force, and the net external force is zero. For the unbalanced forces, the forces are generally not in the opposite direction, and the net external force is not zero.
Balanced forces do not produce motion in the object but can produce some distortion. An unbalanced force generally results in the motion of the object.
Example of balanced force: Tug of a war game, if both the team applies equal and opposite forces, the resultant force will be balanced, and there will be no motion produced. Whereas in unbalanced force, if team A applies more force than team B, the resultant force will be unbalanced, and the rope will be moved towards team A.

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Difference between work and energy

Work and energy differ significantly from one another. Work is the transmission of energy over a specific distance in one direction with the help of force. Energy is also known as a force that acts at a given distance. Both of them fit the definition of a scalar unit. There must be a force and movement from one location to another for labour to occur.

Work Vs Energy:

Work is described as the action done on the object causing some displacement. Energy is described as a property of a system or the ability to do work.
Work is a transfer of energy, power is the rate at which work is done and energy is the ability of something to do work. Energy is typically only meaningful in changes, so work usually turns out to be a more physically useful quantity.
Work is defined as the capacity to apply force and a change in proximity to an object. Energy is the ability to supply or create work.
Work is the action done on the thing causing some displacement and energy is described as a property of a system.
Work and energy both are scalar units.
Work = Force multiplied by distance whereas various equations depend upon the kinds of energy.
Work is a product of two vector quantities and energy is the inherent property of a system.
Work was utilized in 1826 whereas energy was coined in 4 BC.
Work is a form of energy and energy exists in several different forms.
If the applied force is within the same direction of the displacement then work is positive and there is no direction component here in energy because it is a scalar quantity.
Work can be either positive or negative and energy is always positive, but the change in energy may be negative.

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Difference between force and energy

Energy is transferred from the body exerting the force to the body being exerted by the force when a force caused by one body is applied to another body. Thus, we can say that force is the agency by which energy is transferred from one system to another system. Let us check out the difference between force and energy here in this article.

Force Vs Energy:

Force is a method of transferring energy whereas energy is the ability to operate or active things.
Energy and mass of a closed system are conserved, but there is no such conversation for force.
The force is a vector quantity while energy is a scalar.
Force does not generate energy but it does make it change.
Force is what is needed to accelerate an object, energy is force times distance.

The formula for force F = ma

The formula for energy E = Fd

Where m = mass

a = acceleration

d = distance

Energy is a property of a system that is measured by the capacity to do work. A force is any action that tends to alter the state or rest or uniform motion of a body.
Force is a vector quantity it has a direction while energy is a scalar quantity it does not have a direction.

Summary:

Energy is a non-intuitive concept and force is a fundamental concept in physics. Energy is the mechanism behind an activity, and force is the push or pull of an object. A moving object does not have force. However, it does have some energy in the kinetic store. The motion will stop when this energy is shifted elsewhere.

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Difference between force and motion

Force is anything that produces a change in a body's position, whereas motion is the change in a body's position over time. Force is like changing velocity to acceleration, and motion is like velocity, acceleration or displacement. Motion is a change in position, not the cause of a change in position, and force is the cause of a change in position, not the change in position of the body. Let us now examine the difference between force and motion in this article.

Force Vs Motion:

Unless acted upon by an imbalanced force, an object at rest remains at rest, while an object in motion maintains its current speed and direction. Therefore, the relationship between force and motion is that it takes force to change the speed or direction of any object in motion.
Force determines the motion of objects. Therefore, to predict the motion of an object, it is important to know how to deal with multiple forces. Since forces are vector quantities, they can be added together by adding their magnitudes based on their directions.
According to Newton's first law, if there is no force there won't be any motion, it will just be at rest, in the same position it was left. Thus, with force motion occurs whereas without force there is no motion.

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Difference between contact and non contact force

A non-contact force is one that operates on an object without coming into physical touch with it, as opposed to a contact force, which is applied by an object that is in contact with another object. Let's understand the concept of the difference between contact and non-contact force here in this article.

Contact Vs Non-contact force:

Contact forces require a physical touch or contact between two objects. Non-contact forces do not require any physical touch to work on the object.
Since contact force requires physical touch between two things, it cannot be used from a distance. Since contact between the two objects is not necessary for non-contact force, it can function from a distance.
Vector fields are used to determine the contact forces while non-contact forces can not be represented using vectors.
Contact force includes muscular force, normal force, tension and frictional force. Non-contact force includes electromagnetic force, gravitational force and electrostatic force.
Example of contact force - Muscular force is required to kick the ball, or else the ball would not move. Example of non-contact force - There is no contact between a free-falling object and the earth.
Contact forces can be or can not be natural forces while non-contact forces are natural forces.

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What is the difference between force and friction?

Force is an agent that opposes the uniform motion of an object while friction is the force that opposes the motion of two objects in contact. In another word, friction is the contact between two bodies but the force is happening even at the contact between two bodies or non-contact between two bodies. Friction always happens by nature but, force is happening by even living being as well as nature also. You can check out the difference between force and friction in this article.

Force Vs Friction:

Friction is the force that opposes the slide of two objects. The force exerted by the ground or other objects prevents other objects from going through it.
Friction is the force of attraction between two objects and force is the magnitude of the mutual movement.

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Difference between force and power

Power and force seem to have similar connotations and are frequently used interchangeably. Yet, they are not equivalent in physics. Power is a representation of energy expanded through time, of which force is an aspect, as opposed to the force itself, which is the basic outcome of an interaction between two things. Power may be measured and described, but the force is a real physical entity, but power is not. Let us check out the difference between force and power here in this article.

Force Vs Power:

The force resulting from an interaction between objects. Power is the rate at which work is done, or energy is transmitted.
The unit of force is a newton whereas the unit of power is a Watt. Watt = Joules/Second.
The symbolic representation of force is F and the power is P.
Force is mass multiplied by acceleration and power is work divided by time.
The force applied over distance creates work and power is the rate at which work is performed.
Example of force is gravity, friction and magnetism and the power example is horsepower. 1 horsepower = 750 Watts
Force is a vector quantity whereas power is a scalar quantity.

Summary:

Thus, this is all about the difference between force and power. From the above discussion, we can say that force and power are two absolutely different physical quantities. The one most significant difference that can be stated from the above comparison is that force is responsible for changing the state of the body, whereas power gives information about the rate at which work is being done.

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Pages

Open loop control system Vs Closed loop control system

Difference between hardwood and softwood

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Market

Future Growth of Electric Vehicles

Bottom Line

Difference between elastic and inelastic collisions

Difference between Stress and Strain

Explore more information

Difference between cycloidal and involute tooth:

Advantages of natural gas:

Disadvantages of natural gas:

What is Torque?

What is Force?

Torque Vs Force

Comparison and Similarity between Torque and Force

Balanced force Vs Unbalanced force

Work Vs Energy:

Force Vs Energy:

Force Vs Motion:

Contact Vs Non-contact force:

Force Vs Friction:

Force Vs Power:

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